IJMLS

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 1-22
ISSN: 2311 7575

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT GOALS AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT FEEDBACK ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY

Choge Jerotich Emmy, David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Performance Management Goals, Performance Management Feedback

Organizations invest billions of shillings annually in managing employee performance. The study aimed to examine the influence of performance management goals and performance management feedback on employee productivity, using Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) as a case study. The primary objective was to understand how performance management influences productivity among KNH employees. The variables of e study were; employee productivity as the dependent variable and, feedback and goals as the independent variables. The theory underpinning the study is Locke’s goal-setting theory supported by Adams equity theory. The study adopted descriptive research design, with a sample size of 372 participants drawn from the hospital’s 5,300 employees. A pilot study was conducted with 60 staff members from Mbagathi Hospital to refine the research instruments. Data was collected through questionnaires, with analysis performed using SPSS Version 25.0. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed and a regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of performance management on employee productivity. The analysis revealed that performance management goals significantly impact employee productivity, indicating a strong positive relationship. The findings led to the conclusion that effective performance management through well-structured goals and feedback will positively enhance employee productivity. Consequently, the study recommends that KNH's human resources department ensure a transparent, logical performance management techniques that accurately identifies staff training needs. It further advises the department to communicate the importance of performance management clearly and to employ a range of performance management methods in employee assessments.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 23-42
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE IN WATER AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS COMPANIES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF DAVIS AND SHIRTLIFF KENYA LTD

Benedict Mutisya, Daniel Maina Komu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Leadership, Organization Performance, Succession Planning, Strategic Direction

Despite global and national recognition of the critical role strategic leadership plays in organizational performance, a lack of strategic leadership in water and energy solutions companies in Kenya hinders their potential. This is often overlooked by management, particularly in the face of high employee turnover. The objectives were to establish the effects of succession planning, and strategic direction on the performance of Davis & Shirtliff Ltd (D&S). The study is anchored in strategic management theory, drawing upon institutional theory and resource-based view. With 1500 people as the target population, a descriptive study design was used. A stratified random sample of 150 participants was selected. Data was gathered through surveys, Both Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and fundamental statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data. Tables were used to present the data. To demonstrate the relationships between the variables, inferential statistics were employed. Throughout the study time, the research investigation was guided by ethical criteria. The study established a high correlation between organizational performance at D&S and strategic leadership practices and It was discovered that organizational performance was significantly impacted by strategic direction it can be concluded that enhancing succession planning could lead to improved organizational performance while suggesting that organizations with strong strategic direction are likely to experience increased performance. It recommended that to retain and attract new talent and capabilities that will enhance the organization's performance, D&S management should implement a structured succession planning framework. This will address the current gap in establishing a framework for future critical personnel replacements. Additionally, training employees who lack the necessary qualifications and opportunities for job advancement is crucial. It is also recommended that top positions be advertised internally before external recruitment.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 43-59
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEADERSHIP COMMITMENT AND INCLUSIVITY CULTURE IN STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY HEADQUARTERS

Caroline N. Munialo, Ms. Gladys Mabonga

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: leadership commitment; inclusivity culture; leadership vision; leadership policies

The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between leadership commitment and the creation of an inclusivity culture within the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA). Specifically, the study evaluated the effects of leadership vision, and leadership policies on the development of an inclusivity culture at KRA. The research explored the intersection of leadership commitment and inclusivity integrating key theories such as Transformational Leadership Theory, and Social Identity Theory. Transformational Leadership Theory served as the anchor theory, emphasizing how leaders inspire and motivate employees toward higher performance levels and organizational change. The study targeted all 1,320 employees working at Times Tower, employing stratified random sampling to select 132 respondents for participation. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire that contained both open and closed-ended questions, while secondary data were gathered from journals, books, and reports. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, including regression analysis and standard deviations, alongside thematic analysis to identify and interpret patterns related to leadership commitment and inclusivity culture. The findings revealed that KRA leadership exhibited significant commitment to inclusivity, positively correlating with employee perceptions of the inclusivity culture. Specifically, leadership vision emerged as the most influential factor in fostering inclusivity. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of the vital role leadership commitment plays in shaping an inclusive organizational culture and provides actionable recommendations for enhancing inclusivity practices within KRA.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 60-64
ISSN: 2311 7575

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION ON PUBLIC PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF EMBU COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA

Mwaniki Dickson Karani, Dr. James Mwikya

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Functional integration, Public procurement, E-procurement, IT infrastructure and Budgetary allocation

This study investigates the impact of functional integration on public procurement performance in public institutions in Kenya, focusing on the County Government of Embu. Despite efforts to implement technological infrastructure such as e-procurement systems, adoption has been slow and inconsistent across counties, limiting efficiency in procurement processes. The study employs a descriptive research design, surveying 300 employees across various departments to assess how budgetary allocation, staff competence, top management support, and IT infrastructure influence procurement outcomes. Data analysis, performed using SPSS, revealed a significant correlation between functional integration and improved procurement performance, showing that enhanced IT infrastructure and management support lead to better resource utilization, transparency, and accountability. Recommendations include prioritizing investment in advanced IT systems, regular staff training, and fostering active top management involvement in procurement practices for better service delivery.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 65-75
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGING LAND USE PATTERNS ON SOCIAL WELL-BEING: A CASE STUDY OF THE MAASAI COMMUNITY IN KITENGELA MUNICIPALITY, KENYA

David Akilimali Chipinde, Daniel Maina Komu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Changing Land Use Patterns, Social Well-being, Maasai Community, Kitengela Municipality, Kenya

The transformation of traditional pastoral lands through urbanization presents a critical challenge for the Maasai community in Kitengela Municipality, with profound implications for their social well-being. While previous studies have documented broad changes in land use patterns, there remains a significant gap in understanding how these changes specifically affect the social well-being of the Maasai community. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of changing land use on the social well-being of the Maasai community in Kitengela Municipality, Kajiado County. The study was informed by the Ecological Modernization Theory, which suggests that continued economic growth and technological advancements can coexist with environmental conservation and sustainability. The study employed a descriptive research design with a target population of 234,000 Maasai community members and 15 Administrative Leaders in Kitengela Municipality. Using stratified random sampling, a sample size of 384 participants was selected. Data was collected using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions on a five-point Likert scale, following necessary approvals and informed consent procedures. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and regression analysis using SPSS. The study found a strong positive correlation between changing land use and social well-being (r = 0.718, p = 0.000), with 94% of participants reporting significant changes in traditional land use patterns. The regression analysis revealed that changing land use significantly predicted social well-being (β = 0.214, p = 0.000), explaining 51.6% of the variance. The study concluded that changing land use patterns significantly influence the social well-being of the Maasai community, with effectively managed changes leading to substantial enhancement in overall community well-being. The study recommended that urban planners and policymakers prioritize balanced land use management through participatory planning processes that integrate traditional pastoral practices with modern urban needs while establishing regular assessment mechanisms to monitor land use impacts on community well-being.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 76-92
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEARNING, CURRICULUM DESIGN AND EMPLOYABILITY OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATES IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA

Gladys Nafula Mabonga, Prof. Washington Okeyo, Faith Jematia Keitany

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Learning; Curriculum Design; Employability

The Management University of Africa graduates over 400 students every year in various disciplines. According to the 2022 Employers’ Tracer Study carried out by Management University of Africa, 71% of the graduates of 2021 were employed (including the 10% who were self-employed). Over 50 key employers were identified during the survey (Public and Private). One of the key recommendations of the Tracer Study report was to decrease unemployment through the inclusion of stakeholder expectations in the process of curriculum development. In Kenya, despite the rising levels of education, many graduates face very high unemployment rates. This raises questions on the demand and market orientation of the university learning, curriculum development and whether the university course designers are cognizant of labor market trends. It’s for this reason this paper sought to investigate the effect of university learning, curriculum design on employability of graduates. Graduates with “employability skills” like teamwork, communication skills, decision making, emotional intelligence, critical thinking and the ability to motivate others to achieve a common goal are in high demand from employers. Investing in employability skills training in the universities is essential for creating a high-performance work culture. The specific objectives of this study are: to find out the effect of teaching methodology on employability and to examine the effect of curriculum design on employability. The study adopted desktop review of market surveys, teaching effectiveness evaluation surveys and tracer studies surveys at Management University of Africa. The study findings were analyzed using themes and presented in charts and tables.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 93-103
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE EFFECT OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED PROJECT IN NAROK NORTH SUB COUNTY, NAROK COUNTY, KENYA

Nabaala Susan Kotoine, Leseiyo Moses

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Community based Project, Institutional capacity, Project management

The purpose of study is to evaluate the effect of institutional capacity on the implementation of community-based projects in Narok North Sub-County, Narok County, Kenya. The research is anchored on the Project Management theory. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population was the 8 employees working at the county department of social services at Narok and the 696 members from various active community-based organizations selected from Narok North Sub County, in Narok County. Both purposive and stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 249 respondents. The data collection instruments that was used was the questionnaires and the interviews. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and was administered by the researcher. The data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents agreed that the management of community-based projects is influenced by institutional capacity, project leadership competencies, resource mobilization, and stakeholder participation, the results further showed that all four factors were positively and statistically correlated with the management of community-based projects. It is recommended that project managers and team’s leaders should ensure that they enhance institutional capacity to enhance the management of the projects.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 104-120
ISSN: 2311 7575

INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL ECONOMIES OF ELGEYO-MARAKWET COUNTY IN KENYA

Elizabeth Chemeli Kiprono, Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Indigenous Leafy Vegetables, Biodiversity Conservation, Agro ecology, Ecosystem Services, Rural Sustainability

This study explores the role of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) in promoting biodiversity conservation within rural agricultural systems in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. Recognized for their ecological adaptability, ILVs contribute significantly to genetic diversity and provide critical ecosystem services, such as soil enrichment and pollination support, which are essential for sustaining agricultural productivity. Through the lens of Agroecology Theory, this research examines how ILVs aid in maintaining ecological balance by requiring minimal agricultural inputs and thriving in local conditions. Data collected from 320 participants in the Marakwet and Sengwer communities reveal that ILVs play a key role in supporting biodiversity, contributing to ecosystem resilience and agricultural sustainability. However, challenges such as inadequate market infrastructure and limited commercialization constrain the full ecological and economic potential of ILVs. This study underscores the importance of targeted policies to enhance market access and awareness, ensuring that ILVs are fully integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Strengthening ILV adoption can support biodiversity conservation efforts and foster ecological resilience within rural Kenyan landscapes.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 121-137
ISSN: 2311 7575

ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING ON PRODUCTIVITY: PERSPECTIVES FROM NANDI COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA

Sisey Kipketer Jacob, Moses Leseiyo

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Employee Training, Productivity Improvement, Nandi County Government, Workforce Development, Public Sector Performance

Following the enactment of the Kenyan constitution in 2010 and subsequent to the 2013 general election, employees transitioned from other sectors of the economy, including well-established organizations, to join the workforce of County Governments. This shift was driven by perceived competitive compensation packages and improved terms of engagement. There was an anticipation that this influx of talent would lead to an exceptional standard of service delivery, effectiveness and productivity among employees. However, contrary to these expectations, several studies have highlighted the poor performance of employees in various County Governments. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of training on employee productivity in Nandi County Government. This study was guided by the expectancy theory and resource-based view theory. The research employed a mixed methods research design and was conducted in Nandi County, targeting the 4,234 employees of the Nandi County Government. The Yamane (1973) formula was used to determine a sample size of 365. Structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents, and a pilot study was conducted at Kericho County Government with a random sample of 37 respondents selected. The analysis of data was done through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 28), which included the computation and presentation of descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics were applied to reveal the relationships between the variables, with data presented through graphs and tables. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of training on employee productivity in Nandi County government (β = 0.494, p = 0.000). This study concludes that training programs is important in employee satisfaction and performance. In view of the findings, the study recommends that the Nandi County Government should prioritize and enhance the relevance of training programs for employees.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 137-150
ISSN: 2311 7575

PREPAREDNESS MECHANISMS AND SUCCESS OF FIRE SAFETY PROJECTS AMONG PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA. A SURVEY OF NAIROBI COUNTY

Dr. Nyaga G. Juster, John Cheluget (PhD)

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Fire safety, financial resources, projects, training, monitoring and evaluation

The Ministry of Education recognizes fire disasters in schools as a serious challenge to learners’ ability to attain their full potential. Fire safety projects in secondary schools have been a serious challenge as depicted by the many fire incidences experienced in secondary schools thus the need of combined efforts in the establishment of fire safety preparedness mechanisms in all learning institutions in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of preparedness mechanisms on the success of fire safety projects in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. Specifically, the study focused on the influence of training, financial resources and Monitoring & evaluation on success of fire safety projects. The study is anchored on the theory of constrains and system theory. Descriptive research design was adopted with a target population of 60 fire safety projects implemented in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. The unit of observation were 60 persons in charge of fire safety projects. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Piloting was done in 6 public secondary schools in Kiambu County and the data obtained was used to test reliability of the instruments. Multicollinearity, linearity and normality test were done to ensure the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression assumptions are not violated. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, and multiple regression. The study found out that all the factors considered in the study were significant as indicated by high values of mean. Trainings conducted strongly influenced the success of fire safety projects in secondary schools, followed by monitoring and evaluation and financial resources. The study recommended more trainings on fire safety and responsiveness to be carried out not only among the staff but also among the student for quick reaction in case there is an outbreak. The management of the school also need to be keen on the root cause of the fires and put measures to respond on them.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 151-168
ISSN: 2311 7575

INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL ECONOMIES OF ELGEYO-MARAKWET COUNTY IN KENYA

Elizabeth Chemeli Kiprono, Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Indigenous Leafy Vegetables, food sustainability, Agroecology, Ecosystem Services, Rural Sustainability

The study investigates the contribution of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables to food sustainability and rural economies in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the contribution of ILVs in sustainable food systems and explore their role in strengthening rural economic resilience. Anchored on Agroecology Theory, the study actually aimed at 320 members of both the Marakwet and Sengwer communities through the application of purposive sampling targeted at those households engaging in ILV farming and trade. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, describing the role of ILV in sustaining agriculture and income stability among rural dwellers. Findings indicate that ILVs are one of the most nutritious foods contributing to food sustainability and rural economic stability, as they require less input to produce and are perfectly adapted to local agroecological practices. However, poor market access and inadequate infrastructure, accompanied by low commercialization potential, limit the economic and sustainability impact of these ILVs. Policies are therefore recommended to support market linkages, value chains, and improvement of infrastructure that would enhance the role of ILVs in food sustainability and rural economies.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 169-188
ISSN: 2311 7575

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN KENYA

Otieno Dennice Onyango, Dr. Thiong’o Samuel Mungai

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Supply Chain Performance, Automotive dealers, inventory management practices, Just-in-time, First in First Out

Intense competition implies that the automobile dealers need to come up with the best ways for of promoting their supply chain performance. This is because nearly three-quarters of the funds in the automobile industry is tied up in slow moving stock. Consequently, the industry is faced with the problem of having large inventory-built ups that ties up the capital thus affecting the supply chain performance. In order to restore normalcy, inventory management practices (IMPs) have been adopted by many dealers in the sector. However, the influence of these IMPs has not been adequately interrogated. Thus, the paper examined the influence of IMPs on the supply chain performance in the automotive industry. Specifically, the paper examined the influence of just in time and FIFO on the supply chain performance in the automobile industry in Kenya. The paper was anchored on the Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) and the Theory of Constraints (TOC) and was based on the descriptive research design. Data was gathered using the questionnaires and analyzed using the descriptive statistics including the mean, standard deviation and the inferential statistics including the correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that IMPs influenced the supply chain performance in the automobile industry in Kenya. Just in time accounted for 61.5% of the variance in the supply chain performance while 68.3% of the variation in supply chain performance in the automobile industry in Kenya was explained by FIFO.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 189-202
ISSN: 2311 7575

PROJECT LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA: A CASE OF KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY

Dr. Nyaga G. Juster, Prof. Washington Okeyo (PhD)

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Project leadership, Project performance, Kenya Urban Roads Authority

Kenya Construction market is to record 9.5% growth by year 2025 and remain a growth outperformer in Sub-Sahara Africa. This positive outlook has brought about tremendous market growth in infrastructural projects. Government has spent substantial amount in infrastructure alongside foreign investment which has put high debt burden on the government threatening the pace of infrastructure development and dent investor confidence in the market. This has posed a lot of challenges to the leadership as they try to balance the high debt and accomplishment of ‘the Big4’ agenda. The performance of infrastructural projects however, has not shown much fruits as out of 177,800 kilometers of road networks in Kenya, only about 16,902 (9.5%) kilometers is paved with the rest unpaved. In an effort to deal with the challenges, leaders have introduced toll roads with private sector participation on various roads networks to raise funds for infrastructural development of roads, maintenance of the existing roads, improve public commuters’ services and ease congestion. This study investigates relationship between project leadership and performance of road infrastructural projects in Nairobi County, Kenya. Positivism philosophy informed the study and cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted 20 road projects under Kenya Urban Roads Authority within Nairobi County and the respondents were projects contractors and projects engineers. Questionnaire was administered through emails. Reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha. Diagnostics test (normality and multicollinearity test) for Ordinary Least Squares were carried. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The study found that project leadership influenced projects performance. The study recommended that there is a need for the government to come up with support mechanisms for the roads and accountability mechanism to ensure ethical practices among the project leaders.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 203-214
ISSN: 2311 7575

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND TURNOVER INTENTIONS AMONG TEACHING STAFF IN KENYAN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES

Selina N Makokha, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Emotional intelligence, turnover intentions, teaching staff, Universities, Kenya

In Kenya, universities are relied upon by the society to create, conserve and disseminate knowledge which is in realization of sustainable development. Teaching staff are the key staff who play this role. Unfortunately, due to various challenges, universities especially private ones find it difficult to attract and retain these staff. Teaching staff attrition rates vary widely between developed and developing countries. On the other hand, emotional intelligence has recently gained a lot of interest among scholars and practitioners due to the fact that it can solve multiple problems at the work place producing a motivated and productive workforce. The main objective of this study is to determine the influence of Emotional Intelligence on turnover intentions among teaching staff in Kenyan private Universities. The study was anchored on mixed theory of emotional intelligence. This research is based on the examination of empirical evidence from secondary data such as literature, statistics, publications and surveys. The findings implied that emotional intelligence affected motivation and job performance of teaching staff and contributes openly through self-awareness, self-management, social - awareness and relationship – management. In conclusion employees who can manage their emotions and build relationships are more productive and successful at work than those with low levels of emotional intelligence. The later also experience career derailment. Emotional intelligence can be learnt and developed. In view of these findings, this study recommends the need for emotional intelligence to be nurtured in private universities in Kenya so as to enable these institutions attract and retain teaching staff.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 1Collins Ochieng Omollo 2Daniel Maina Komu
ISSN: 2311 7575

PERFORMANCE OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF CARITAS INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME IN HOMA BAY COUNTY, KENYA

Collins Ochieng Omollo, Daniel Maina Komu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Crop Development, Poverty Alleviation, Socio-economic development

Agricultural production is a crucial driver of socio-economic development. Agricultural production improves household’s income through the sale of farm produce and at the same time it improves household nutrition level as household can access a diverse variety of foods such as meat, milk, meat and eggs. This study examined the performance of poverty alleviation programmes and socio-economic development: a case of Caritas International in Homa Bay County within Kenya. The independent variable under study was crop development. The study was anchored by the empowerment theory and supported by the restricted opportunity theory. The study adopted the descriptive study design to describe the social and economic characteristics of the target population. The target population was 1,142 household heads out of which through stratified random sampling, 92 respondents were selected to be part of the study sample. Proportionate sampling was then employed to ensure that the three sub counties under study were proportionately represented in the sample. The data was collected through questionnaire. Data analysis was done through the use of Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 29. Descriptive and inferential statistics were generated to help in summarizing data to aid in making meaningful conclusions and recommendations. Tables, charts and percentages were used to present the summarized data. The findings of this study reveal that crop development enhances household nutrition and on other hand surplus realized from production is a source of income which can be used for investment in education, descent housing and access to better healthcare services. This study recommends that the national and county governments should supplement the efforts already made by Caritas in alleviating poverty through crop development. There is need for providing more resources to the poor households, so that crop production can be done in a large scale to enable commercialization. There is need to conduct a study on how land fragmentation affects household’s level of production in terms of technical efficiency of agriculture and the sustainability of food production system.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 231-243
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF HUMAN RESOURCE CAPABILITIES ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROJECTS IN KWALE COUNTY, KENYA

Kombo Josephat Chirema, Dr. Juster G. Nyaga

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Human Resource capabilities, Community Empowerment Projects, Project Performance, Capacity Building, Skills Development, Kwale County

This study examined the effect of financial resources on the performance of community empowerment projects in Kwale County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was used with a target of 133 community empowerment projects within Kwale County. The variable relationship was determined through a regression model. The target population comprised 133 community empowerment projects in Kwale County, categorized into various programs including crop development, livestock production, fisheries, and community loaning projects. Stratified random sampling was employed) and a sample size of 67, representing 50% of the target population, was selected. The study found that human resource capabilities significantly influence the success of community empowerment projects, with an average score of 3.76 and a standard deviation of 1.4244. Regression analysis revealed that a one-unit increase in human resource capabilities accounts for 43.1% of the variance in project performance, indicating a strong relationship (R = 0.595, R² = 0.431) and a significant impact on effectiveness (F = 56.864, p < 0.05). The results suggest that enhancing human resource capabilities can substantially improve community empowerment initiatives in Kwale County, with a statistically significant increase in performance correlating with a mean index rise of 0.644 points (t = 7.480). Supporting literature corroborates these findings, highlighting that strategic human resource management practices and staff competencies positively affect project outcomes, thereby providing a competitive edge and optimizing organizational performance. The proficiency and expertise of project staff and volunteers are crucial for effective project implementation, as well-trained personnel can manage resources, design interventions, and adapt to challenges effectively. Projects with strong human resource capabilities are more likely to achieve their objectives and deliver meaningful outcomes, while also facilitating capacity building and knowledge transfer within the community. Skilled leaders and trainers empower local individuals with the necessary skills for sustaining and expanding initiatives, enhancing local ownership and improving the likelihood of long-term success. Kwale County should implement targeted recruitment strategies to attract skilled individuals with relevant experience by offering competitive compensation and incentives. Additionally, creating supportive work environments and career development opportunities will help retain experienced staff and volunteers through performance-based incentives and recognition programs.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 244-262
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF STATE DEPARTMENTS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Wangeci Susan Kiogora, Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Environmental Scanning, Strategic Implementation, Organizational Performance

The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of strategic management practices on the organizational performance of state departments in Kenya, with a focus on the State Department of Agriculture. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of environmental scanning and strategic implementation on the organizational performance of state departments in Kenya. The study was guided by system theory, resource-based theory, agency theory, and goal-setting theory. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 659 employees at the State Department of Agriculture in Upper Hill, with a sample size of 249 respondents determined using the Yamane formula. A pilot investigation was conducted to test for reliability and validity. SPSS software Version 25 was used to analyse the data, with the findings presented in tables. Ethical considerations were observed throughout the study. The study concluded the following: Environmental scanning significantly impacts the performance of Kenyan state agencies. Regular monitoring of dynamic environments, coupled with attention to diversity, enhances competitive response and strengthens organizational effectiveness. Strategic implementation also substantially influences outcomes, with efficient resource allocation and monitoring being essential, though further adjustments in resources are necessary to fully achieve strategic objectives. The report recommends that Kenyan state agencies improve their environmental scanning and strategic implementation processes to improve overall organisational effectiveness. Agencies should improve their environmental scanning procedures by focussing on competitive and dynamic situations, formulating strategic responses, and incorporating multiple viewpoints to adjust quickly to changing conditions. Strategic implementation requires prioritising effective resource allocation and creating rigorous progress monitoring tools. Clear communication and professional development options, such as mentorship and career advancement, can help employees integrate their positions with larger strategic goals, creating accountability and engagement. Future policy changes should emphasise extensive environmental scanning, consistent corporate communication, and effective resource allocation.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 263-283
ISSN: 2311 7575

EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AND DROUGHT RESPONSE IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF BARINGO COUNTY GOVERNMENT

Sang Leah, Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Drought Response, Early Warning System, Baringo, Preparedness and planning, Recovery and Rehabilitation, Response and Mitigation

Baringo County, Kenya, grapples with the profound challenges presented by recurrent drought, which threatens water resources, agricultural productivity, food security, and socio-economic stability. The main focus of this study was to assess the drought early warning information system on effective response in Baringo County Government, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to examine the effect of monitoring and early warning, preparedness and planning, response and mitigation, recovery and rehabilitation and evaluation and learning on effective drought response by Baringo County Government, Kenya. This study was guided by diffusion of innovation theory, resource dependence theory, contingency theory and organizational learning theory. This study used a cross-sectional survey design. This study targeted 59 officials from Directorate of Disaster Management in Baringo County Government. Census sampling technique was adopted. Therefore, the sample size for the study was 59 respondents. Data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Piloting was done on 5 individuals representing 10% of study sample and was selected randomly from the target population and excluded from the final study. The data collected from the pilot group was used to test for validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data obtained from the field was coded, cleaned, and entered into the computer for analysis using the SPSS version 28. Descriptive statistical included frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical analysis used was multiple regression and correlation analysis. The significant of each independent variable was tested at a confidence level of 95%. The study's findings, based on the beta coefficients from the multiple regression analysis, revealed that monitoring and early warning (β = 0.189, p < 0.05), preparedness and planning (β = 0.218, p < 0.05), response and mitigation (β = 0.156, p < 0.05), recovery and rehabilitation (β = 0.279, p < 0.05), and evaluation and learning (β = 0.303, p < 0.05) all positively and significantly influence the effectiveness of drought response by Baringo County Government, Kenya. It is concluded that Baringo County's drought management can be significantly improved by enhancing each of these areas. The study recommends that the county invest in advanced monitoring technologies, regularly update response plans with stakeholder input, integrate traditional and modern response techniques, prioritize sustainable recovery initiatives, and establish strong feedback and knowledge-sharing mechanisms.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 284-294
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF IDEALIZED INFLUENCE ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA

Humphrey Kirimi Ireri, Dr. Angeline Wambui Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Idealized Influence, Transformational Leadership, Change Management

Public universities in Kenya experience frequent leadership transitions due to the contractual nature of top management positions, typically occurring every five years. These changes often introduce varying leadership styles and operational approaches, posing challenges for organizational stability and effective change management. This study assessed the effect of idealized influence, a key dimension of transformational leadership, on change management in public Universities in Kenya. The study is anchored on the Transformational-Transactional Theory and also draws from ADKAR change model, and Kotter’s Eight Step Change Model to explore how leadership practices affect change management. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with a study population comprising 669 staff members from Chuka University. A stratified random sampling technique yielded a sample of 215 respondents, and primary data was gathered using questionnaires. The findings from regression analysis indicated that idealized influence significantly and positively affects change management in public universities in Kenya. The study concluded that leaders who exhibit idealized influence through integrity, vision, and strong values are pivotal in facilitating successful organizational change. Consequently, public universities are encouraged to prioritize leadership development, focusing on idealized influence to enhance change management processes. Further research is suggested to explore the long-term effects of idealized influence on innovation, staff creativity, and overall organizational performance within the context of change management.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 295-307
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF PROJECT PLANNING ON THE SUCCESS OF WATER PANS PROJECT IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY

Eunice Wambui Mwangi, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: project management methods, public participation, risk management, project planning, monitoring and evaluation

In rural communities, development projects are vital for addressing social, economic, and environmental challenges. Effective project management techniques significantly influence the success of these initiatives. This research aimed to assess how various project management methods contribute to achieving development goals, focusing on water projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study's specific objectives included examining project planning, risk management, public involvement, monitoring, and evaluation to the success of water pan projects. Utilizing three theoretical frameworks—program theory, results-based management theory, and participative theory—the study targeted seven completed water pan projects and employed a descriptive research approach. A total of 479 respondents were analyzed, including county employees, community leaders, and chairs of community water project committees. Stratified and random sampling techniques determined a sample size of 217 respondents. Primary data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, which underwent pilot testing for validity and reliability. Data analysis utilized descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS software. Results indicated that project planning influences the success of water pan projects (β = .567; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that enhancing project planning processes and risk management strategies is essential for achieving project goals and ensuring community satisfaction. Additionally, involving more stakeholders in monitoring processes can improve project outcomes.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 308-328
ISSN: 2311 7575

DETERMINANTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KIRINYAGA COUNTY GOVERNMENT

Evalyne Wanjiru Mwangi, Ms. Gladys Mabonga

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Working Conditions, Staff Development, Remuneration, Organizational Structure, Organizational Productivity

This study examined the determinants of organizational productivity in public institutions in Kenya, focusing on the Kirinyaga County Government. The specific objectives were to assess how working conditions and staff development impact productivity within the County government of Kirinyaga. Anchored by Equity Theory, the study provided a foundational framework for examining organizational dynamics and their impact on productivity within public institutions like the Kirinyaga County Government. A descriptive research design targeted the 2300 employees of Kirinyaga County, using a stratified sampling technique to ensure representative sampling. Data was collected via questionnaires containing both open and closed questions. Analysis was conducted using SPSS, presenting data through descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, to provide context and insights into the findings. The findings showed that working conditions significantly influence productivity, with a mean score of 4.03 and an ANOVA F-value of 14.236 (p = 0.000), and a regression coefficient of 0.534. Staff development also showed a significant impact, with a mean of 4.02, an F-value of 12.367 (p = 0.000), and a regression coefficient of 0.482. The study concluded that working conditions and staff development are all significant determinants of productivity within the Kirinyaga County Government. These factors collectively foster a productive work environment and align with the Equity Theory, suggesting that when employees perceive fairness and support in their work environment, they are more productive. It is recommended that the Kirinyaga County Government focus on improving workplace conditions by providing necessary resources and creating a supportive environment. Enhanced training and mentorship programs are also suggested to advance staff development. Competitive remuneration policies should be implemented to maintain motivation, while organizational structures should be streamlined to empower employees and promote collaboration. These improvements are likely to increase productivity, contributing to the effectiveness of the County Government.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 329-347
ISSN: 2311 7575

PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND TECHNICAL KNOWHOW AS DETERMINANTS OF THE ADOPTION OF PREFABRICATED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: A CASE OF NATIONAL HOUSING CORPORATION, NAIROBI COUNTY

Lekina Tutui, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Innovative Construction Technology; Prefabricated Building Technology; Public Perception; Technical Knowhow

The current practice of adopting prefabrication methods improves building durability while reducing costs, which defeats the concept of on-site construction, due to heightened understanding and perception of the various cost constraints in the innovative approach in the prefab-construction model. A rise in the prefab-technology adoption benefits the construction industry, hence the need to gauge the determinants of the level of adoption of this innovative construction technology in the housing sector is needed. This survey sought to find out how public perception and technical know-how affects the adoption of prefabricated building technology in the case of the National Housing Corporation in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design on a sample of 71 users of prefabricated construction technology and 12 prefab experts registered at the NHC. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection and the qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed through SPSS, while OLS regression was done to ascertain the relationships among the variables under study. The study found that technical know-how and public perception showed a positive statistically significant relationship with the level of adoption of prefabricated building technology. The study therefore confirmed that improvement in technical know-how and public perception would result in an improvement in the level of adoption to prefabricated building technology. The study suggests that this topic should be further researched in a bid to widen its generalizability and allow further research on the topic to unearth even more determinant factors, hence this study suggests further study of this topic in different and wider geographical zones.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 348-356
ISSN: 2311 7575

DECISION-MAKING STYLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN NAIROBI COUNTY

Ngaywa, C. M. K, David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Decision-making styles, organizational performance, Nairobi City,

The performance of an organization is defined by how effectively it achieves its objectives and goals while making efficient use of its resources. It reflects a company’s success, encompassing financial results, operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and employee engagement. In the context of a rapidly changing business environment, maintaining high performance requires solid decision-making, strategic leadership, and a supportive organizational culture. This study explores the impact of decision-making styles on organizational performance within Nairobi City County, emphasizing the need for effective strategic leadership in today’s dynamic business environment. It highlights how decision-making processes, influenced by cognitive abilities and environmental factors, play a pivotal role in aligning organizational goals with managerial choices. The research employs descriptive methodology to examine a target population of 180 personnel across various departments, utilizing structured questionnaires to gather data efficiently. The analysis reveals a significant relationship between decision-making styles—specifically democratic and coaching approaches and improved organizational performance. With a regression coefficient of 0.320 for decision-making styles, the findings indicate that enhanced decision-making correlates with increased productivity, efficiency, and employee engagement. Notably, the democratic style fosters collaboration and open communication, while coaching emphasizes personal development, thereby enabling employees to reach their potential. These results support existing literature that underscores the benefits of participative leadership. The study advocates for institutionalizing democratic and coaching decision-making styles through training programs and feedback mechanisms to cultivate an inclusive, high-performing organizational culture. Ultimately, the insights derived from this research aim to provide a framework for improved governance and service delivery in Nairobi City County, contributing to the broader understanding of effective management practices in public organizations.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 357-367
ISSN: 2311 7575

BOARD COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN KENYA: A CASE OF KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY

John Nalianya Khisa, Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Board Effectiveness, Executive Compensation, Communication, Transparency, Organizational Performance

This study explored the impact of board composition on the organizational performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC). The main objective of the research was to assess the effect of board composition practices on KPLC's performance. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate how board composition affected KPLC's organizational performance. The study was anchored on agency theory. The research employed a descriptive design, targeting all managers within KPLC. A census sampling technique was utilized to determine the sample size, and data were gathered through questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to assess the impact of corporate governance on the study's objectives. The findings revealed a significant relationship between board composition and organizational performance, with factors such as size, independence, and diversity influencing decision-making. Strong correlations were found between board composition and performance. The study recommended that KPLC enhance board effectiveness through regular evaluations, refine executive compensation structures for better alignment with performance metrics, strengthen transparency practices in financial reporting, and improve communication mechanisms to foster stakeholder engagement. Additionally, cultivating a culture of continuous improvement in governance practices was deemed essential.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 368-380
ISSN: 2311 7575

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE OF KENYA POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY LIMITED, MACHAKOS, KENYA

Raphael, K. M, David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Employee Relations, Industrial Relations, and Organizational Performance

Employees are regarded as the most valuable element in an organization. They contribute immensely to the growth and development of any organization. The objective of this research was assessing the effect of employee relations practices and organizational performance in public organizations in Kenya a case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC). The specific objectives included; to examine the influence of employee participation in decision making on organizational performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company Limited; to determine how compensation practices influence performance at KPLC; to examine how training and development affect organizational performance at KPLC and to examine the influence of conflict resolution mechanisms on organisational performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company. The research was guided by the Social Exchange Relationship theory in conjunction with Resource Based View theory. This research made use of a descriptive research design. The research population was 164 personnel of KPLC's Machakos Office, including middle-level managers, operations staff and top managers. A questionnaire was used for collecting primary data from the respondents. To undertake data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics Ethical considerations were observed throughout the study. The possible value of Y when all independent variables are equal to zero was 6.072. The data findings analyzed also showed that taking all other independent variables at zero, a unit increase in employee Participation will lead to a 0.362 increase in organizational performance in public organizations in Kenya; this means that there is a significant relationship between employee participation and organizational performance in public organizations in Kenya. The P-value was 0.001 and thus the relationship was significant. A unit increase in Compensation Practices will lead to a 0.423 increase in organizational performance in public organizations in Kenya; this means there is a significant relationship between Compensation Practices and organizational performance in public organizations in Kenya. The study concluded that public employees' performance is positively and significantly impacted by employee participation. The study recommends involving employees in decision-making when it comes to establishing goals, objectives, and performance targets as well as decisions on rewarding for performance improvement, innovation, and creativity for the department.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 576-590
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE COUNTY GOVERNMENTS OF KENYA

Elizabeth N. Kibai, Prof. Emmanuel Awuor

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Transformational, Transactional, Situational, Participatory, and Leadership Styles

This study explores the influence of transformational leadership on the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector organizations, with a focused case study on Embu County Government in Kenya. Transformational leadership, characterized by inspiring vision, fostering innovation, and providing personalized support, has increasingly been recognized for its role in enhancing organizational performance. The study specifically targeted the staff of the Embu County Government, with a population size of 300 workers. A structured questionnaire was utilized to capture participants' perspectives on leadership styles and their perceived impacts on organizational performance. Data collection followed a rigorous procedure to ensure reliability and accuracy, and the sample size was representative of the target population, carefully selected to allow for generalizable findings within the government. For data analysis, we used SPSS software, employing both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to evaluate relationships between leadership styles and organizational performance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to test the model's goodness-of-fit and to determine statistically significant differences in responses, helping to validate the study's hypotheses on leadership style impacts. Our findings revealed a positive correlation between leadership ideologies and the performance of the Embu County Government, suggesting that leadership style plays a crucial role in enhancing institutional effectiveness. The study highlighted that authoritarian leadership was rare within the Embu County Government and showed limited influence on productivity. Conversely, liberal and democratic leadership styles were more prevalent, with liberal leadership showing a substantial positive impact on productivity. When employees are involved in decision-making at various levels, they gain a better understanding of their roles and responsibilities, which enhances organizational performance. In light of these findings, we recommend that the Embu County Government and other county governments critically assess and adapt their leadership styles to maximize efficiency. Encouraging staff participation and engagement in decision-making can lead to a more motivated workforce, ultimately boosting productivity.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 381-390
ISSN: 2311 7575

IMPACT OF COLLABORATIVE CAPABILITY ON THE RESILIENCE OF SUPPLY CHAINS IN POWER COMPANIES IN KENYA

Arisi Wycliffe, Dr. Paul Machoka

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Collaborative Capability, Supply Chain Resilience, Kenya Power Company

Collaborative capability is crucial for enhancing the supply chain resilience of power companies in Kenya, enabling effective engagement with various stakeholders, including suppliers and government agencies. However, the dynamic and unpredictable business environment poses significant challenges for these supply networks. This study aimed to explore how collaborative capability contributes to supply chain resilience within Kenya's electricity sector. Guided by the Relational View Theory and utilizing a descriptive research design, targeting 23 participants from different management levels in the supply chain departments of five state-owned power companies, all under the oversight of the Ministry of Energy. Data were collected through questionnaires using a census approach and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The research findings consistently demonstrate significant positive correlation on collaborative capability and supply chain resilience, with a correlation coefficient of 0.838. This suggests that improving collaborative capability significantly enhances resilience, making it essential for organizations seeking to strengthen their supply chains. The regression model shows a strong fit, with an R-squared value of 0.776, indicating that 77.6% of the variability in supply chain resilience is explained by collaborative capability. Additionally, the ANOVA results further validate this model, revealing that each unit increase in collaborative capability is expected to enhance resilience by approximately 0.307 units. The study recommends enhancing collaborative capabilities through investments in advanced data analytics, building partnerships with stakeholders, and establishing innovation hubs to improve problem-solving, emphasizing that prioritizing collaboration is essential for increasing resilience and operational efficiency in the power sector.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 391-407
ISSN: 2311 7575

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AS DETERMINANTS OF THE ADOPTION OF PREFABRICATED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: A CASE OF NATIONAL HOUSING CORPORATION, NAIROBI COUNTY

Lekina Tutui, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Innovative Construction Technology; Prefabricated Building Technology; Public Awareness; Resources Availability; Construction Industry

A rise in the level of adoption of prefabricated building technology in Kenya has revamped the Kenyan construction industry and brought benefits from the advantages accruable from such technologies. There is need to gauge the level of adoption of innovative construction strategies in Kenya which can be achieved by assessing the determinants of the level of adoption of prefabricated building technology in the housing sector. This survey sought to find out how public awareness and resources availability affects the adoption of prefabricated building technology in a case of National Housing Corporation. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting the key public in the prefabricated construction industry in Kenya through questionnaires. The study sample is 71 users of prefabricated construction technology and 12 prefab experts at the NHC. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. The data analysis was done for qualitative and quantitative data, while OLS regression was done to ascertain the relationships among the variables under study. The study found that public awareness and resource availability showed positive statistically significant relationship with the level of adoption of prefabricated building technology, confirming that improvement in public awareness and resource availability would result in the improvement in level of adoption of prefabricated building technology. The study therefore recommends that NHC, Financial Institutions, and other relevant government bodies should guide their policy development towards improving access and adoption of prefabricated building by instituting policies that would improve on the state of public awareness and resource availability.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 408-415
ISSN: 2311 7575

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON MARKETING STRATEGY ADOPTION BY SACCO’S IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF DAIMA SACCO

Mary Muthoni Njoka, Dr. Samuel Thiongó

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Information Technology, Marketing Strategies, Digital Engagement, Saccos

In the rapidly evolving digital landscape, the integration of Information Technology (IT) into marketing strategies is essential for Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) in Kenya to enhance competitiveness and achieve sustainable growth. This study assesses the impact of IT on marketing strategy adoption at Daima SACCO, employing a descriptive research design to explore how digital tools facilitate member acquisition and engagement. The target population comprised 155 employees, with a stratified sample of 47 respondents representing various organizational roles. Data collection involved self-administered questionnaires featuring both closed and open-ended questions, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing marketing strategies. Analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), employing descriptive statistics and regression analysis to reveal the significance of IT on marketing effectiveness. The findings indicated a strong correlation between IT infrastructure and marketing strategy adoption, with an F-value of 14.756 and a p-value of 0.000 demonstrating statistical significance. The regression coefficient of 0.425 suggests that improved IT effectiveness leads to enhanced marketing strategy adoption. Recommendations for Daima SACCO include investing in advanced IT systems, prioritizing cybersecurity, and training employees in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) tools to optimize marketing efforts. By doing so, Daima SACCO can enhance member engagement, strengthen its market position, and promote financial inclusion within the communities it serves.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 416-443
ISSN: 2311 7575

CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ON DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT IN NOTHERN KENYA: A CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY.

Muktar Aden Abdi, Dr. Domeniter N. Kathula

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Capacity Assessment, Drought Assessment, Drought Risk Management; Water Management.

Due to aggravating water scarcity and climate change, as well as the causal factors of rising population and increased water demand for energy and agriculture, large-scale intensive droughts are becoming commonplace worldwide. the study aimed to assess Wajir County's capacity for drought risk management, focusing on personnel technical capacity, financing capacity, technological capacity, and institutional coordination capacity. The target population of the study was Wajir county staff, National Drought Management Authority, Non-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations and Faith-Based Organizations which constituted 1200 respondents, with a sample size of 120. Stratified sampling techniques were used for the study whereas, primary data was collected using a questionnaire tool for the analysis, the data was analyzed using SPSS software version 26. The collected data was analyzed quantitatively. The inferential analysis involved both component factor analysis and regression analysis. Statistical measures such as means, standard deviation, and percentages were relied upon to present the analysis results in the form of tables, charts and graphs. To analyze the relationships between the study variables, the ANOVA and regression model were used. Study findings, personnel technical capacity reveals a need for enhanced training and resource allocation to address relatively low preparedness levels. Stakeholder collaboration and engagement, alongside cohesive coordination within departments, emerge as crucial factors for successful drought risk management. Financial capacity underscores the importance of transparent resource allocation and robust leadership structures, while technology capacity emphasizes the need for improved training and real-time risk monitoring tools. Institutional coordination capacity demonstrates the positive relationship between collaborative practices and effective risk management. Conclusions emphasize the critical need for improved training and resource allocation to empower personnel, alongside the importance of stakeholder collaboration and cohesive interdepartmental coordination. Institutional coordination capacity plays a vital role in facilitating collaborative risk assessment practices, highlighting the need for standardized approaches. Recommendations suggest prioritizing enhanced training and resource allocation, fostering a culture of innovation, ensuring transparent resource management, and leveraging technology to optimize risk management tools. Further research could explore similar variables in other counties or investigate the impact of government regulations on drought risk management decisions. Additionally, studies may examine the effects of water resource management, agriculture, and food security on drought resilience in similar contexts.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 444-452
ISSN: 2311 7575

INCLUSIVITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY SELECTED STATE-OWNED HOTELS

Gumato Abudo, Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Collaborative leadership, inclusivity, hospitality, organizational performance, state-owned hotels

When someone leads, they inspire others to take actions that advance the objectives of the organization as a whole. Leaders enable organizations to achieve their goals by directing operations and persuading their followers. They assess how effectively an organization’s resources are put to use to achieve its goals. Collaborative leadership is a management style designed to break down barriers between an organization's superiors and juniors. The collaborative leadership style replaces control with trust and active presence. In this study, the dimensions of collaborative leadership were inclusivity, joint decision making, shared responsibility and open communication. The hospitality industry in Kenya is vulnerable to external-environmental difficulties that affect how they function. Generally, the study sought to analyze the effect of the inclusivity on organization performance in the hospitality industry in Kenya; A case of state-owned hotels. The study was anchored on the collaborative leadership theory. The descriptive research design was employed in this research. The study's target population consisted of 145 employees from both Golf Hotel, Kakamega and Mombasa Beach Hotel. The sample size in this study was computed using Yamane Formula. The pilot test respondents were drawn from Rondo Retreat Center, representing a select group (10%) of the target employee population which is made up of 14 employees, their ideas for improving the questionnaire were taken into account and the respondents were not included in the main study. The study utilized primary data. The study findings revealed that inclusivity as a dimension of collaborative leadership has a significant effect on organizational performance. Top leadership should create an environment that celebrates diversity and promotes a culture of openness and acceptance, where employees and their ideas are valued and utilized; people partner within and across departments; current employees feel that they belong, and prospective employees are attracted to the organization; people feel connected to each other and to the organization and its goals. The study recommends that more components of collaborative leadership approaches (respect for individual input; flexibility and adaptability) be studied in the future, and performance and productivity measuring should be established, to create a comprehensive picture of the relationship between the collaborative leadership approach and organization performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 453-464
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROJECTS IN KWALE COUNTY

Kombo Josephat Chirema, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Financial Resources, Community Empowerment Projects, Project Performance, Resource Allocation, Funding Challenges, Kwale County.

This study examined the effect of financial resources on the performance of community empowerment projects in Kwale County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was used with a target of 133 community empowerment projects within Kwale County. The variable relationship was determined through a regression model. The target population comprised 133 community empowerment projects in Kwale County, categorized into various programs including crop development, livestock production, fisheries, and community loaning projects. Stratified random sampling was employed) and a sample size of 67, representing 50% of the target population, was selected. The study findings revealed that financial resources play a crucial role in the performance of community empowerment projects in Kwale County, with a strong positive correlation (R = 0.642) and nearly half of the performance variation (R² = 0.499) explained by financial input. An F-value of 75.042 further highlighted the significant impact of financial resources on project outcomes, emphasizing the need for proper funding and management. In conclusion, adequate financial resources are vital for enhancing the scope and quality of community empowerment projects, leading to improved outcomes in areas like agriculture, health, and education. Stable funding ensures these projects' long-term success, while inconsistent financing can reduce their impact. Effective resource use enables strategic training and capacity building, improving project management and addressing community needs, while sufficient funding also encourages active community participation, essential for successful empowerment initiatives. To enhance community empowerment projects' effectiveness, Kwale County should adopt strong financial management practices, including detailed budgeting, transparent accounting, and regular financial audits to ensure funds are used efficiently and responsibly. Clear funding plans involving national and local governments, along with routine evaluations of financing options, are essential to meet project objectives. Additionally, involving beneficiaries in project planning and setting aside contingency funds for risk mitigation can help align projects with community needs and ensure smoother project execution.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 465-481
ISSN: 2311 7575

ORGANIZATION CULTURE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT FOR BASIC EDUCATION

Chochu M. Rachel, Amos Agui

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Clan Culture, Hierarchy Culture, Employee Performance

This study addressed the underexplored impact of organizational culture on employee performance within Kenya's State Department for Basic Education. Unlike the private sector, public service lacks empirical insights on how different cultural models—clan and hierarchy—affect performance and satisfaction. The main aim of this investigation was to examine the effect of organizational culture on employee performance in the public service in Kenya, with a case study of the State Department for Basic Education. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of clan culture and hierarchy culture on employee performance. The study was based on Dynamic Capability Theory, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory as the anchor theory and Schein's Theory of Organizational Culture. The research design for the study was a case study. The target population for this study consisted of 709 employees who worked at the State Department for Basic Education in Nairobi. The study's sample size was determined using Yamane's formula. The study used a questionnaire to collect primary data. The investigation employed statistical data analysis, and the data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 28. The study revealed that organizational culture significantly impacted employee performance in Kenya's public service. Clan culture fostered cooperation, mentorship, and community, improving teamwork and performance. Hierarchy culture promoted stability but required improvement in accountability. A good organizational culture balanced flexibility, structure, creativity, and collaboration, leading to increased productivity and commitment in public service like the State Department of Basic Education. The study recommended that the public service enhance employee performance by fostering clan and hierarchy cultures. To promote clan culture, it suggested expanding employee participation in decision-making, strengthening mentorship programs, and cultivating a strong sense of group identification and collaboration through shared norms and values. For hierarchy culture, the study advised reinforcing clear decision-making processes and command structures to maintain efficient performance, as well as implementing tougher accountability measures in underperforming regions. These approaches aim to improve employee motivation and job satisfaction by building a supportive and well-structured organizational culture. Further research was recommended to explore the impact of bureaucratic, task, person, and collaborative cultures on employee performance and overall organizational effectiveness.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 482-490
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN POLICE RECRUITMENT IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF EMBAKAS POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTE

Juliet O. Nyangái, David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Legal Framework, Ethical issues, Police Recruitment, Kenya, Training Institute

This research focused on investigating effect of legal framework on ethical on police recruitment in Kenya, specifically using Embakasi Training Institute as a case study. The study was based on three theories - Attribution Theory, Institutional theory, and Implicit Personality theory, with a key emphasis on the Institutional theory. Data was collected from 200 staff members at Embakasi Police Training Institute using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS. The findings showed that significantly impact ethical police recruitment at the Kenya Police force in Embakasi. The study concluded that legal framework play a significant role in ethical recruitment practices at the institution. The study recommends the implementation which would benefit policy makers, academicians, researchers, and recruitment practices in both public and private organizations.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 491-511
ISSN: 2311 7575

SCHOOL LEADERSHIP, HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN GHANA

Kwame Owusu-Ansah Owusu Afram, Professor Washington Okeyo, Professor Charles Owusu Kwarteng

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: School Leadership, Human Resource Development Interventions, Public Senior High School, Academic Performance, Ghana

The enhancement of secondary education in Ghana has been a focus of significant reforms since independence. Despite these efforts, reforms to improve academic performance in second-cycle schools have not fully achieved their goals. According to the Ghana Education Service and the Ministry of Education, pass rates in core subjects have improved from 2006 to 2021. However, performance in these subjects still falls below 40%. This persistent underperformance has been attributed to school leadership and their capacity to effectively implement a vision for enhancing teachers' skills and knowledge. This study examines the moderating effect of human resource development interventions on the relationship between school leadership and academic performance in public senior high schools in Ghana. Anchored in distributed leadership and social learning theories, the study uses a positivist approach to analyze these relationships systematically. A cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing self-administered questionnaires to collect data from a target population of 928 public senior high schools listed by the Ghana Education Service as of December 2023. A cluster-stratified random sampling technique selected 2176 respondents from 16 strata. Data was processed and analyzed using SPSS version 27. The analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found a positive significant correlation (R= 0.669) between school leadership and academic performance. The study further found that human resource development interventions significantly moderated (R= 0.289) the relationship and strengthened the effect of school leadership on academic performance. The study recommends that the Ministry and relevant agencies appoint competent school leaders to senior high schools. Stakeholders should also implement policies and practices that enhance teachers' pedagogical skills, as this is crucial for improving academic performance. Additionally, future research should examine the same variables in the entire secondary education scope of Ghana and other countries. Investigating other mediating and moderating variables could further illuminate the relationship between school leadership and academic performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 512-518
ISSN: 2311 7575

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS IN BRIDGING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND ADDRESSING FOOD INSECURITY IN KENYA: A CASE OF MURANG’A COUNTY

Ann K. Mwangi

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Policy implementation, Policy implementation strategies, food insecurity, Regulatory framework

The process of putting a policy into practice is called implementation. Implementation is concerned with the environment in which policy is put into action. It is argued that a population group is facing food insecurity when they do not have adequate physical and monetary access to quality, nourishing food that meets their dietary needs and nutritional preferences for a healthy and active lifestyle. Given its large population, severe poverty, and high rates of malnutrition, Kenya faces a struggle with food security and nutrition. Important objectives of policy implementation research include identifying, creating, and testing implementation strategies. This study intended to examine particular policy implementation strategies intended to reduce food insecurity in Murang'a County. Examining the mediating role of regulatory framework on policy implementation strategies is the study's key objective. To completely address the research objective, a descriptive research strategy was employed for both qualitative and quantitative data. A sample of 50 people was randomly selected from a target population of 105 respondents with the target demographic being representatives of the Murang'a County Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Extension Officers to put research findings into context. SPSS was used to analyze quantitative data; statistics computed included analysis of variance and correlations to search for linkages or a lack thereof between key variables. Key findings showed that the food security situation in the country has deteriorated in the last decade and that stability of food supply is Kenya’s most important food security challenge. The study further revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between regulatory frameworks and effective policy implementation strategies. Among key recommendations for the study were to robustly involve the private sector for implementation of policies; train agricultural extension officers to equip them with relevant know- how of policy implementation; review and harmonization of existing policies with the National food security goals and objectives; and allocation of a clear budget for implementation policies geared towards mitigation of food insecurity.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 519-526
ISSN: 2311 7575

TRANSFORMATIVE AND ETHICAL LEADERSHIP STYLES FOR INCLUSIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA

Derow Aden Ali, (PhD), Moses Leseiyo

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Transformative Leadership, Ethical Leadership, Inclusive Service Delivery

The paper examined the role of transformative and ethical leadership styles in promoting inclusive service delivery within Kenya's public sector. Drawing upon a desktop research methodology and synthesizing findings from academic journals, reports, and case studies, the study highlighted the significance of leadership practices in shaping organizational effectiveness and service delivery outcomes. The empirical review reveals a concerning trend regarding the ethical conduct of leaders in Kenya's public sector, with Transparency International's findings indicating a lack of ethical behavior perceived by only 34% of public sector employees. Moreover, the importance of inclusive leadership is underscored, given Kenya's diverse demographic landscape. The identified gaps in ethical and transformative leadership contribute to public dissatisfaction with service delivery. Addressing these shortcomings necessitates cultivating leaders who prioritize ethical conduct, embrace inclusivity, and are committed to effecting transformative change within the public sector. Recommendations include prioritizing ethical leadership practices, promoting inclusive leadership, investing in leadership development programs, prioritizing employee engagement, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement. Implementing these recommendations can lay the foundation for sustainable socio-economic development and inclusive growth within Kenya's public sector.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 527-538
ISSN: 2311 7575

POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT, POLICY FRAMEWORK AND FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA: DEMYSTIFYING THE POLITICS OF FOOD SECURITY SITUATIONSHIPS

Ann K. Mwangi, Faith Keitany Jematia,

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Political environment, policy framework, food security, food security situationships

This study is a review aimed at understanding how Kenyan politics have impacted Kenya’s food security. According to the Global Hunger Index 2018, Kenya still has “serious levels of hunger” with a score of 23.2 and a ranking of 77 out of 119 countries. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Kenya prides itself as an agriculturally rich country with agriculture being Kenya’s greatest contributor to its GDP. Despite this however, Kenya is still in the ranks of food insecure countries. The objective of this study is thus to understand how political stability impacts food security and to understand what policies have been formulated in alignment to Goal 2 of Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs): ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. The study is thus aimed at creating awareness of the struggles of hunger among Kenyans and offering recommendations on what can be done to ensure food security for the Kenyan population. Desktop research will be used in carrying out the study. The study will help to increase commitment and resources dedicated to ending hunger in Kenya thus achieving Zero hunger by 2030.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 539-553
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF STRATEGIC FORMULATION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF GARISSA SUB-COUNTY

Maryan Ali Falir, Dr. John Cheluget

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Formulation, Resource Allocation, Academic Performance, Public, Secondary Schools, Garissa

This study aimed to determine how strategy formulation and resource mobilization affect public secondary school academic performance. In this study, the Goal Setting Theory, Adaptive Leadership Theory, and the Trait Leadership Theory were used with the anchor theory being the Trait Leadership Theory. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 110 where census sampling was adopted. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS. The Findings showed that strategy formulation influences public schools’ academic success in a significant way, and these practices have a major effect on academic performance. The findings also showed that resource allocation has a significant impact on academic performance. The study recommends that principals are in charge of policy formation, which sets the direction in which the school is headed. BoM meeting is a requirement and allocating adequate resources that facilitate the running of the school and extracurricular activities that enhance academic success. Thus, each phase of the strategy development process should involve input from the management team.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 554-575
ISSN: 2311 7575

RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DISASTER RISK RESILIENCE OF KENYAN COUNTIES: A CASE OF BARINGO COUNTY

Abdushakur Khatib Lendapana

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Disaster Risk Management, Disaster Risk Awareness, Disaster Risk Governance, Disaster Risk Resilience, Disaster Risk Preparedness

Despite all the disaster risk management measures that are in place, disaster risks are still the order of the day in Baringo County. This research aimed at assessing effect of disaster risk management systems on disaster risk resilience of Kenyan counties a case for Baringo County. Specifically, the study aimed at determining the effects of disaster risk, disaster risk governance, risk reduction measures and disaster preparedness measures on disaster risk resilience in Kenyan counties. System Theory, Institutional Theory, and Stakeholder Theory were the theoretical framework underpinning the study and employed a cross-sectional case study method. 405 officers were targeted who work in sectors with responsibility for disaster risk management within Baringo County A multi-staged sampling technique was used to get the research subjects. Data collection was done using structured questionnaire. The quantitative data collected was analyzed quantitatively by use of descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS software version 27. A multiple regression model was applied to demonstrate the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable of disaster risk resilience and the results was presented in tables, charts and bars. With a study response rate of 84.7, the overall study findings showed that there exists a strong positive relation between the independent and the dependent variables as shown by R = 0.799 and R2 = 0.638 this means that 64% of variation in disaster risk resilience can be explained by changes in all the independent variables. The level of significance was <0.000 thus the overall regression model significantly predicted the dependent variables. the findings also showed that disaster preparedness measures were the predictor that most affects disaster risk resilience in Baringo County with Unstandardized coefficient (β) value of .479 followed by disaster risk reduction measure with β of .205. Disaster risk awareness was the least significant determinant of disaster risk resilience in Baringo County with Unstandardized coefficient β of .047. This study recommends that Baringo County government and its partners need to continue strengthening investment in all four independent variables as evident has shown they play complimentary role in addressing disaster risk resilience it also pointed out on specifics areas of weakness that the county government needs to give special attention including the need to adequately integrate disaster risk education in the county civic education programme, need to carry out regular Disaster Risk Assessment and dissemination of risk information, strengthening implementation of sectoral Disaster risk reduction strategies and plans, strengthening financial resources allocation for Disaster Risk Reduction interventions through annual budgets, strengthen roll out of environmental. Climate change actions and natural resource management approaches that incorporate disaster risk reduction, strengthen enforcement of construction planning to ensure they consider disaster preparedness provisions, strengthen and enhance allocation of emergency/contingency funds for effective and timely response and recovery to disaster events. Further it recommends that future study to investigate the perception of the communities in Baringo about the effect of disaster risk management systems on their individual disaster risk resilience.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 591-601
ISSN: 2311 7575

PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION AND PRICING ON PENETRATION OF MICROINSURANCE IN KENYA. A CASE OF SELECTED INSURANCE COMPANIES

Shadrack Ndiritu Waweru, Isabella Sile.

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Product Diversification, Pricing, Penetration, Microinsurance, Kenya

This research mainly evaluated the effect of product diversification and pricing on penetration of microinsurance. From the analyzed data, the study revealed that product diversification, with a mean score of 3.93 and a Beta of 0.328, significantly predicts microinsurance penetration by meeting diverse customer needs and expanding into underserved areas. Pricing strategies, crucial for competitiveness, show a mean score of 4.98 and a Beta of 0.210, indicating their role in balancing affordability and profitability for customer acquisition and retention. Main recommendations include further research on product diversification and dynamic pricing models, supportive policies for transparency and subsidies, practical training on product development and technology integration, and curriculum development for future professionals. The study concludes that strategic focus on these factors will enhance microinsurance penetration, financial inclusion, and sectoral growth.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 602-613
ISSN: 2311 7575

TAXATION REGIME AND POLITICAL CLIMATE ON PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS IN THE TOURISM SECTOR: A SURVEY OF SELECTED TOURS AND TRAVEL FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA.

Angelina Wanjiru Nkako, Dr. Paul Machoka

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Taxation regime and political climate on performance of firms in the tourism sector: a survey of selected tours and travel firms in nairobi city county, kenya.

This paper investigated the impact of taxation regime and political climate—on performance of tours and travel firms. The descriptive survey design was employed targeting 147 management-level staff from 49 firms, with a representative sample of 108 respondents obtained through stratified random sampling and Yamane's formula. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including means, percentages, ranges, standard deviations, correlation coefficients, and frequencies. The qualitative data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 22) and content analysis. The findings showed that the taxation regime had the highest positive correlation with firm performance (r = 0.753), highlighting its significant influence on operational efficiency and financial outcomes. The political climate also significantly affected performance (B = 0.068, p = 0.040), influencing operational continuity and market confidence. The multiple regression model explained 62.99% of the variance in firm performance. Recommendations include optimizing tax policies and maintaining political stability. More research should consider longitudinal studies especially on long-term impacts and compare effects across various industries.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 614-626
ISSN: 2311 7575

TO DETERMINE HOW ADHOCRACY CULTURE IMPACTS THE PERFORMANCE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF WATU CREDIT LIMITED, KENYA.

Olweya Verah Adhiambo, David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Organizational Culture, Adhocracy Culture and Organizational Performance

This study examines the impact of an adhocracy culture on organizational performance in financial institutions, specifically focusing on Watu Credit Limited in Kenya. Adhocracy culture emphasizes innovation, flexibility, risk-taking, and entrepreneurial spirit, which can influence employee engagement, client satisfaction, and organizational adaptability. This article explores how Watu Credit Limited has incorporated adhocracy principles into its operations, analyzes the outcomes in terms of financial performance and market growth, and discusses the broader implications for the Kenyan financial sector. The research established that organizations need to incorporate the different aspects of organizational cultures that align with their objectives to boost performance. The various organizational cultures are geared towards cementing the connections between the employees and their seniors and between employees with the organization. The findings further brought to the fore the fact that the presence of rules providing clear guidelines, ways of doing things through processes and procedures for employees was the most prevalent culture within Watu Credit Ltd characterized by the hierarchy type of culture. In conclusion, the study reiterates that for an improved organizational performance, the presenting culture in an organization is expected to anchor and align with the intended approaches and the running of operations by the staff on a continuous basis through a culture that excites employees and incorporating a sense of belonging within the organization. The study suggestions are that organizations incorporating financial institutions need to emphasize the incorporation of an effective corporate culture that proactively drives policies and strategy implementation and thereby creating a competitive advantage that is sustainable against the competitors and ensure that the organization builds good customs that will drive high performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 627-643
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN KITUI COUNTY, KENYA

Faith Mwende, Dr. John Cheluget

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Management Practices, Strategic Planning, Strategy Implementation, Strategy Evaluation, Microfinance Institutions, Kitui County

This study examined how strategic management practices influenced the social sustainability of microfinance institutions in Kitui County, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on the influence of strategic planning, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation on social sustainability of the MFIs. The study was anchored on the Triple Bottom Line Theory. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population were 5 Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and 150 leaders. A census method was used to select all the leaders and MFIs to form the sample size. Questionnaires were used in the collection of primary data. Quantitative analysis was applied with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Services version 24. The data was described using percentages and displayed using tables, pie charts, and figures. Multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the relationship between social sustainability of MFIs and strategic management practices. From the findings, strategic management practices addressed 39.2% of the social sustainability of MFIs in Kitui County. Moreover, strategic planning (b=.617, p<0.05), strategy implementation (b=.819, p<0.05) and strategy evaluation (b=.254, p<0.05) had a positive and significant influence on the social sustainability of MFIs in Kitui County, Kenya. It was concluded that the indicators of strategic management practices examined had a statistically significant influence on the social sustainability of MFIs in Kitui County, Kenya. This study recommends that the management of the MFIs in Kitui County should dedicate more time and resources in strategic planning and implementation. The management of the MFIs should ensure that their employees are conversant with the overall strategic vision/Mission, goals and Objectives of the MFI’s.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 644-653
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP COMMITMENT ON SERVICE DELIVERY AT NATIONAL REGISTRATION BUREAU OF EMBU COUNTY.

Muchoki Lucy, Dr. Mohamud Gedi

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Change management, leadership commitment, public service, service delivery, strategic transition.

Leadership's commitment and proactive involvement are crucial in driving and sustaining the vision, mission, and goals of an organization. Strategic change management practices offer a structured framework for guiding institutions through complex transformations, helping government entities achieve their strategic objectives, boost competitiveness, and ensure long-term reliable service delivery. A compelling vision for change, combined with well-defined key priorities, provides a roadmap for efficient public service delivery. In Kenya, passport processing times can vary between one to two weeks after biometrics are taken, but delays are common due to issues like government printer breakdowns and high application volumes. Given these challenges, this study aimed to assess strategic transition planning and its impact on service delivery at the National Registration Bureau (NRB) of Embu County, with a specific focus on leadership commitment. The study used a correlational research design, sampling all 173 employees of the Kenya National Registration Bureau in Embu. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS version 26, applying descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (≥ 0.7) was used to ensure reliability. Results revealed a strong relationship between leadership commitment and service delivery (r=0.854, p=0.000). The study recommends that NRB adopt a digital registration system to streamline processes and reduce errors, while leaders should establish a clear vision aligned with the broader NRB objectives.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 654-671
ISSN: 2311 7575

AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA: A CASE OF THE NATIONAL TREASURY

Andrew Muriungi Ringera, Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Authentic Leadership, Organizational Performance, Relational Transparency, Internalized Moral Perspective

The ability to delegate effectively, articulate a vision that inspires positive change, and cultivate employee confidence are fundamental characteristics of an effective leader. The objective was to examine authentic leadership and organizational performance within Kenya's public sector, focusing on the National Treasury as a case study. The theoretical framework included goal-setting theory, adaptive leadership theory, and authentic leadership theory, which served as the foundational theory. A descriptive research design was employed for this research work. The target population consisted of 300 employees, from which a random sample of 171 was selected. Questionnaires were adopted as the primary tool for data collection. A pilot study was conducted with ten randomly chosen employees from the target population, who were not included in the final analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27. Prior to drawing general conclusions, the uncoded raw data collected from the field were examined, and results were presented in tabular form. The relationships between variables were illustrated through inferential statistics. The findings indicated that relational transparency significantly influences organizational performance, establishing it as a crucial predictor of performance. Additionally, the results revealed that an internalized moral perspective also has a significant effect on organizational performance. The study proposed several recommendations for enhancing the National Treasury and similar organizations: Given that relational transparency enhances performance, it is essential for managers at the National Treasury to maintain balance and consistency in their objectives, motivations, and values, while also being transparent in their communications with staff. Through self-disclosure, leaders can foster trust and intimacy, thereby enhancing teamwork and collaboration.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 672-683
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECTS OF PERSONAL GROWTH PROGRAMS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS: A CASE OF PUBLIC EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN GARISSA COUNTY

Feisal Mohamed, Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Personal growth programs, performance, Garissa County, Public, Organizations

This research focused on examining personal growth programs and their effect on performance of organizations in Garissa County. In this study the Transformational Leadership Theory, Organizational Learning Theory and the Human Capital Theory were used with the anchor theory being the Transformational Leadership Theory. Descriptive survey research design was employed and the target population in this case consisted of the 414 educational public organizations in Garissa County where senior level employees were the respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS. The findings showed that personal growth programs had a significant and positive effect on the organizational performance of public organizations in Garissa County. The study recommended that future research should examine the long-term effect of personal growth programs on organizational performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 684-696
ISSN: 2311 7575

LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO LAND SUB-DIVISIONS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA

Prof. Washington Okeyo (PhD), Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Livelihood, strategies, land subdivision, Kajiado County

In many societies, pastoral communities remain among the most politically and economically marginalized groups. The inhabitant for these community surrounding Nairobi has been subdivided and converted to settlement land by other communities and hence straining the grazing land for the cattle which has been their main economic activity for the community. The main objective of the study was to assess the livelihood improvement strategies among pastoral communities in response to land sub-divisions in Kajiado County. Specifically, the study focused on literacy improvement strategy, economic activities diversification and conflict resolution mechanisms as the key livelihood strategies which formed the independent variables. Marxism theory of conflict resolution was the underpinning theory. Cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted and the target population comprised of 26 regional pastoral livelihoods resilient projects implanted within Kajiado County. The unit of observation comprised of 51 project managers and projects team. The data was collected using questionnaire method and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics mainly multiple regression models. Prior to data collection a pilot study was conducted and the data was used to determine the reliability of the research instruments using Cronbach Alpha. The study found that the three livelihood strategies considered in this study including literacy improvement strategy, economic activities diversification and conflict resolution mechanisms are the main ones used by community to respond to the challenges as a result of land sub-division in Kajiado County. The study concludes that with community increased in literacy levels and adoption of various economic activities as well as adopting various conflict resolution methods have enabled positive response through improving their economic status. The study recommends that the government should intensify and implements more strategies for livelihoods which enables community to adopt new norms and embrace modern methods which generally will improve their economic and social status.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 697-707
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF SPIRITUAL VALUES ON CHURCH GROWTH OF KENYA ASSEMBLIES OF GOD CHURCH IN MOMBASA COUNTY

Kioko Faith Mwende, Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Church growth, Pentecostal churches, Servant leadership, Spiritual values

Spiritual values are pivotal in shaping servant leaders, impacting church growth and membership. Recent observations in Kenyan churches indicate a decline in commitment and involvement levels, often attributed to inadequate leadership structures and a lack of spiritual values. This research sought to determine how spiritual values affected church growth of Kenya Assemblies of God church in Mombasa County. The study was grounded in servant leadership theory and employed a descriptive research design. Targeting 1810 members across 6 branches of the Kenya Assemblies of God church in Mombasa County, a sample size of 300 was selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection involved administering structured questionnaires to respondents, with 233 returned, indicating a response rate of 78%. Prior to data collection, a trial study was conducted with 30 randomly selected church members to assess the instrument's accuracy and reliability. The findings revealed that spiritual values positively influenced church growth, whereby the coefficient values were; r= 0.037; p-value was less than 0.05, that is, p= 0.004. The results further showed that an increase in spiritual values led to an increase in church growth while a decrease of the same was related to lower church growth. The study recommends Pentecostal churches to engage youth opinions and involvement in church affairs, while advocating for servant leadership policies, ultimately concluding that spiritual values impact church growth in the Kenya Assemblies of God church in Mombasa County.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 708-722
ISSN: 2311 7575

INSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA: A CASE OF ISINYA SUB COUNTY

Luley Abdullahi Yahya, Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Institutional Governance Practices, Performance, Of Public Primary Schools, Kajiado County, Kenya

This study aimed to examine the relationship between institutional governance practices and performance of public primary schools in Kajiado County with a case study of Isinya Sub County. Stakeholder Theory was the study's anchor theory, and supported by Agency Theory and Stewardship Theory. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 72 respondents where census sampling was adopted. Data was collected using questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS. The study results showed that internal control have a positive correlation with performance of public primary schools. The results also found that board of management practices have a significant relationship with performance of public primary schools. The study recommends that national and county governments should involve stakeholders in their internal control efforts. The performance of public primary schools would be improved since the stakeholder's viewpoint would be significant in terms of managing the schools’ activities. The study also recommends that in order to increase performance, all key parties—including the county and federal governments—should have a clear plan for financing their primary school initiatives and activities. It will guarantee that the projects are completed in a way that will allow the stated goals to be accomplished.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 723-736
ISSN: 2311 7575

WORKPLACE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENTS OF KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF UASIN GISHU COUNTY GOVERNMENT

Joanne Mutai Chepchumba, Prof. Emmanuel Awuor

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Leadership Styles, Organizational culture and Service Delivery

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between workplace conflict management and service delivery in the County Government of Uasin Gishu. In this study, The Contingency theory of Leadership, Resource Based Theory and Stakeholder Engagement Theory were used with the anchor theory being the Contingency theory of Leadership. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 100 where census sampling was employed. Data was collected using questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS. The study results indicate that leadership styles, particularly transformational leadership, critically influence the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. The results also found that organizational culture enhances teamwork, a key factor in efficiency during service delivery. The study recommends that the county government of Uasin Gishu should prioritize transformational leadership training by organizing courses that would help the managerial staff set positive leadership behaviour and encourage the use of constructive feedback. It should also promote a positive employee-organization relationship by creating a positive working environment that will allow employees to be fully involved especially when making organizational decisions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 737-749
ISSN: 2311 7575

STAFF EMPOWERMENT AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATIONS. A CASE OF AFRICA INLAND CHURCHES IN NAIROBI, KENYA

Musau Elijah Musyoka, Dr. Nyaga G. Juster

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: staff empowerment, project performance, faith-based church, Kenya

This paper examined the impact of staff empowerment on project performance within Africa Inland Churches (AIC) in Nairobi, Kenya, using a cross-sectional survey design. The target population comprised 945 members from 135 Local Church Councils, with each council having seven members responsible for church project management. A sample size of 280 respondents was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula, maintaining a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data collection was conducted using structured questionnaires, with quantitative data analyzed through descriptive statistics, and qualitative data from open-ended questions analyzed for recurring themes. Findings indicate that staff empowerment significantly enhances project performance. Autonomy in decision-making scored a mean of 2.72, suggesting a need for greater employee independence. Skill development programs scored high at 4.76, affirming their effectiveness in improving project outcomes. Additionally, a mean score of 4.45 for commitment highlights the positive correlation between empowerment and dedication to responsibilities, suggesting that empowered employees are more likely to contribute positively to project outcomes. In conclusion, staff empowerment through enhanced decision-making autonomy and expanded skill development opportunities is crucial for optimizing project performance. The study recommends that organizations enhance empowerment programs to further these aspects. For future research, exploring the role of technology—such as project management software or digital communication platforms—in staff empowerment and project success is suggested.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 750-770
ISSN: 2311 7575

FLEET MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND PROFITABILITY OF TRANSPORT COMPANIES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF MOTREX LIMITED

Victor Seme, Prof. Emmanuel Awuor

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Fleet Management Strategies, Profitability of Transport Companies, Intelligent Fleet Management Systems, Vehicle Financing

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fleet management strategies on the profitability of transport companies in Kenya, focusing on a case study of Motrex Limited. Aimed to determine the effect of intelligent fleet management systems, and vehicle financing, on the profitability of Motrex Limited, Kenya. This study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory. The survey utilized a descriptive research design for the investigation. The target population of 1,102 employees. A stratified sampling technique was deployed. To determine the sample size, the study employed Yamane's formula with a 95% confidence level. The sample size of the study was 400 respondents. A closed questionnaire was used to gather the study's initial data. The effect of Intelligent Fleet Management Systems on the operational performance of Motrex Kenya Limited’s transport business was ascertained using a regression model. Descriptive statistics, such as standard deviations, means, frequencies, and percentages, were employed to analyze the quantitative data. Additionally, inferential statistics such as multiple linear regression and correlation analysis were performed to establish the relationship between the study variables using SPSS version 26. From the study findings, it was revealed that the R square value was determined to be 0. 723 indicating the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s). An R² of 0.723 implies that approximately 72.3% of the variance in the profitability of Motrex Limited can be explained by the model. This value measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the variables. An R value of 0.834 suggests a strong positive correlation between the dependent and independent variables. it is recommended that Motrex Kenya Limited and similar players in the transport industry. By doing so, the company can further reduce financial losses associated with accidents and maintenance issues while promoting safer driving habits among its drivers.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 771-777
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN DAADAB REFUGEE CAMP IN KENYA.

Ali Abdi Abdullahi, Francis Macharia

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Dadaab Refugee Camp, Humanitarian Aid, NGO Performance, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Strategic Partnerships,

This study examined the impact of strategic partnerships on the performance of NGOs in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya, focusing on elements like joint investment, communication, trust, shared vision, and teamwork. Guided by Resource Dependence Theory and Institutional Theory, the research used a mixed-methods approach, involving 81 NGOs and stakeholders. Stratified and purposive sampling, structured questionnaires, and interviews were employed, with data analyzed through SPSS Version 28.0 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including ANOVA. The findings revealed that strategic partnerships significantly enhance NGO performance in Dadaab. A shared vision among partners improved strategic alignment and operational effectiveness (M=4.028, SD=0.7614). Teamwork also contributed positively (M=4.014, SD=0.7536), while open communication and trust were foundational (M=4.00, SD=0.772). Joint commitment and investment were strongly correlated with improved NGO performance (M=4.012, SD=0.743). The study concluded that the quality of strategic partnerships is crucial for NGO effectiveness, recommending that NGOs prioritize partnerships by fostering shared vision, teamwork, open communication, and joint investment to enhance project sustainability and impact.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2024; 5(i): 778-792
ISSN: 2311 7575

SELECTED MACROECONOMIC FACTORS AND INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING IN KENYA’S PRIVATE EQUITY AND VENTURE CAPITAL INDUSTRY

Wilfred M. Mworia, Dr. Paul Machoka

Published: 01 November, 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: investment analysis, private equity, venture capital, macroeconomics, inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange rate, monetary policy, Kenya

Using a combination of primary data and secondary data, the study investigated the extent to which private equity and venture capital professionals in Kenya consider selected macroeconomic variables in their investment decision making (IDM) and the impact of those factors on the private equity market in terms of the number of investments (deals/deal volume) made over time. A descriptive research design was used to collect and analyze primary sample data. This was used to draw insights into the broad sentiments of industry professionals regarding the effect of the select macroeconomic factors on the PE/VC market, and their application of these factors when making investment decisions. Subsequently, a correlational research design was employed using secondary, monthly time series data concerning deal volume, as the dependent variable, and inflation rate, the U.S. Dollar exchange rate, commercial bank lending rate, long-term risk-free rate, and domestic and international monetary policy rates, as the independent variables. The data comprised 120 observations over a ten-year period beginning January 2014 to December 2023. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Impulse Response Function were used to evaluate the short and long-run effects of the selected independent variables on deal volume.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1-9
ISSN: 2311 7575

ANALYZING HOW CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP APPLY TO MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: FOCUS ON THE BANKING SECTOR OF GHANA

Ahmed Mohamed & Dr. Paul Machoka,

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Change Leadership, Change Management, Banking sector, Mergers and Acquisitions, Profitability, Ghana.

The ability to thrive in the face of organizational change is, in fact, a common challenge for leaders in organisations. The way changes recipients respond is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in determining how well any organizational change succeeds. An organisation must constantly change to keep up with industry changes if it wants to remain competitive. If the current leadership is not performing well, changing leadership is required. However, there aren't many studies that back up this assertion. This has necessitated a study on the applicability of change management and leadership in organisations that have merged or been acquired. Examining the value of change management and leadership in mergers and acquisitions with an emphasis on Ghana's banking industry is the aim of this study. Consolidated Bank Ghana data was extracted and analysed using a descriptive survey design. Profitability as a metric for two (2) years of organizational performance was extracted from the bank's records. The quantitative method was the research strategy used for this investigation. According to the study's findings, organizational performance in the banking industry with regard to mergers and acquisitions is influenced by both change management and leadership in a number of ways. Practically speaking, this study suggests that new banks focus mostly on change management and leadership. To align with the emerging external and internal pressures, these banks' leadership must embrace a transformational approach that facilitates change

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 10-40
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC IMPEDIMENTS TO CONSOLIDATION IN GHANA’S OIL MARKETING SECTOR: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Ahmed Mohamed & Dr. Paul Machoka,

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Mergers and acquisitions, oil marketing sector, regulatory barriers, economic conditions, strategic alignment, organizational readiness, market fragmentation, competitive intensity, Ghana

This study investigated the strategic impediments to mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Ghana's oil marketing sector. Using a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, data was collected from 255 oil marketing companies (OMCs) through a survey. The results indicate that regulatory complexity significantly impedes M&A activities, while legal uncertainty does not have a significant impact. Economic stability and financial health positively influence the likelihood of successful M&A, but access to capital exhibits a surprising negative relationship. Neither strategic alignment nor organizational readiness significantly predicts M&A success. However, market fragmentation and competitive intensity strongly influence the feasibility of consolidation efforts. Robustness checks confirm the reliability of the findings. The study highlights the importance of regulatory frameworks, economic conditions, and market dynamics in shaping M&A outcomes and provides practical insights for stakeholders in the oil marketing sector. Policymakers are encouraged to streamline regulatory processes to facilitate smoother M&A transactions, ultimately fostering industry growth and competitiveness.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 41-64
ISSN: 2311 7575

ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP AND MICROENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE IN GHANA: EVIDENCE FROM GHANAIAN HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES PANEL DATA

Ahmed Mohamed & Dr. Paul Machoka,

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: : Leadership Qualities, Microenterprise Resilience, Finance, Shocks, Ghana, Household Enterprises

This study investigates how leadership qualities; proxied by education, entrepreneurial experience, and proactive decision-making; shape the performance and resilience of household enterprises in Ghana. Using panel data from the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (2009–2019), we examine how access to finance, exposure to economic shocks, and spatial context moderate these relationships. Fixed-effects and logistic regression models reveal that education and experience enhance profitability, while proactivity supports survival in specific contexts. Credit access demonstrates conditional effects: susu strengthens the benefits of education, informal credit supports survival but dampens leadership advantages, and digital loans yield inconsistent outcomes. Shocks weaken profitability but not survival, with experienced entrepreneurs showing adaptive capacity. Urban enterprises survive more often, yet proactive strategies in competitive urban markets yield limited returns. These findings highlight the conditional nature of leadership and underscore the need for context-sensitive, shock-responsive, and spatially differentiated enterprise support.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 65-81
ISSN: 2311 7575

MODERATING ROLE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEGRATIVE LEADERSHIP STYLE AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA

Mungatana Danson Buya, Prof. Emmanuel Awuor & Dr. Ole Mapelu

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Integrative leadership style, government regulations, organizationalperformance, commercial state corporations in Kenya

Research has revealed that Kenya's Commercial State Corporations continue to perform significantly worse, with their collective financial losses substantially exceeding projections. This deteriorating performance indicates a serious financial crisis in these state-owned enterprises. If this trend continues unchecked, it poses a major threat to Kenya's ability to achieve its long-term national development goals as outlined in Vision 2030. The objective of this study was to establish the moderating effect of government regulations on the relationship between integrative leadership style and organizational performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Utilising the Full Range Leadership Model, Theory of Public Interest Regulation and Resource-Based View Theory (RBV), the research implemented a cross-sectional survey design, gathering data from top management teams of all 52 commercial state corporations in Kenya via purposive sampling, while adhering rigorously to ethical standards during data analysis. The regression analysis showed a strong relationship (R = 0.748), with 55.9% of organizational performance explained by integrative leadership and government regulations. Both integrative leadership (β = 0.602, p < 0.001) and government regulations (β = 0.198, p < 0.001) were significant positive predictors of performance. The addition of an interaction term revealed a significant moderating effect (β = 0.113, p < 0.001), indicating that government regulations enhance the positive impact of integrative leadership on performance. This means that stronger regulatory frameworks amplify the effectiveness of integrative leadership, demonstrating that regulations act as a facilitator rather than a barrier. The study recommends that leaders in commercial state corporations adopt adaptive leadership strategies aligned with the regulatory environment to enhance organizational performance. By fostering a culture of compliance and ethical conduct in line with legal requirements, leaders can amplify the positive impact of their practices. Proactive engagement with regulatory bodies helps leaders stay informed about policy changes and integrate them into strategic decision-making. This responsiveness not only improves performance but also strengthens accountability and legitimacy. Ultimately, aligning leadership approaches with government regulations enables sustained success and better navigation of complex operational landscapes

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 65-81
ISSN: 2311 7575

INTEGRATIVE LEADERSHIP STYLE AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA

Mungatana Danson Buya, Prof. Emmanuel Awuor & Dr. Ole Mapelu

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Integrative leadership style, organizational performance, commercial state corporations in Kenya

State businesses are essential to Kenya's Vision 2030, which seeks industrialisation and enhanced quality of life. Recent statistics from the Kenya National Treasury reveal subpar performance, characterised by substantial cumulative losses in the 2021/2022 financial year. The objective of this stud was to establish the relationship between integrative leadership style and organizational performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Utilising the Full Range Leadership Model and Resource-Based View Theory (RBV), the research implemented a cross-sectional survey design, gathering data from top management teams of all 52 commercial state corporations in Kenya via purposive sampling, while adhering rigorously to ethical standards during data analysis. The study results revealed that the Pearson correlation coefficient between integrative leadership style and organizational performance was R = -0.730, with a significance level (p-value) of 0.000. This robust positive connection signifies that an increase in integrative leadership style is associated with a substantial improvement in organizational effectiveness. The R Square value was 0.533, indicating that about 53.3% of the variation in organizational performance is attributable to the integrative leadership style. This conclusion underscores the significance of a successful integrative leadership style in improving several facets of organizational performance, reinforcing the notion that leadership styles promoting cooperation and employee engagement provide superior results. The study recommends that commercial state corporations in Kenya prioritise and invest in the development of integrative leadership style initiatives. Considering the favourable view and considerable influence of integrative leadership on organizational performance, training programs should specifically emphasise the enhancement of leaders' skills in staff development, promoting ethical conduct, and instilling confidence in subordinates.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 98-114
ISSN: 2311 7575

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS: A CASE OF KALRO NAIROBI

Azenga Minyoso Julie & Edna Moriasi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Organizational Culture, Project Performance, Decision-Making Processes, Ethical Standards, Project Outcomes

Public institutions in Kenya continue to face challenges in achieving successful project implementation, largely due to the influence of organizational culture. This study examined how organizational culture affects project performance at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) in Nairobi. Specifically, it assessed the effects of decision-making processes and ethical standards on project outcomes. The study was anchored on Schein’s Model of OrganizationalCulture, Denison’s Model, and the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. A descriptive research design was employed, with a census sampling approach involving 30 respondents drawn from a target population of 40 staff members. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses. The findings revealed a positive relationship between organizational culture dimensions and project performance. The study concludes that participatory decision-making and adherence to ethical practices significantly enhance project outcomes. It recommends that KALRO strengthen these cultural aspects to improve operational efficiency and promote sustainable project performance in public institutions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 115-127
ISSN: 2311 7575

COACHING AS A STRATEGIC TOOL FOR IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS: A CASE OF MURANG’A COUNTY

Noah Gachanja & Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Coaching, employee performance, social cognitive theory, Muranga, County

This paper examined the role of coaching as a strategic tool for improving employee performance in devolved government systems, focusing on the County Government of Murang’a. Globally, coaching has emerged as a strategic human resource development approach that enhances employee self-awareness, skills, and goal attainment. However, in Kenya’s devolved governments, limited empirical evidence exists on how structured coaching influences performance outcomes. The research adopted a descriptive research design to assess the nature and impact of coaching practices on employee performance. The target population comprised 1,022 management-level county employees, from which a sample of 287 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 20, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeding 0.7. Findings revealed that coaching had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with employee performance (r = 0.753, p < 0.05) and accounted for 56.7% of performance variation (R² = 0.567). Coaching was found to enhance job satisfaction, skills development, teamwork, and goal achievement among county employees. The results supported Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory, demonstrating that guided learning and feedback improve self-efficacy and organizational effectiveness. The study recommends institutionalizing coaching within county performance management frameworks, training supervisors as workplace coaches, and allocating resources for continuous coaching programs. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to explore the long-term impact of coaching on performance and examine its interaction with other learning mechanisms such as mentoring and peer learning.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 128-150
ISSN: 2311 7575

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AS A MODERATOR IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 CONTAINMENT MEASURES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING SMES IN GHANA.

Sanjeet Kumar Pattnalk

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: COVID-19 containment measures, Government Intervention, beverage manufacturing SMEs. organizational performance, Ghana

This study investigates the moderating role of government intervention in the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and the organizational performance of beverage manufacturing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Accra, Ghana. This study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory (ST). Drawing on a cross-sectional survey of 500 SME leaders, the study employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test hypothesised relationships. The results reveal a statistically significant positive impact of containment measures on the performance of beverage manufacturing SMEs in Accra, Ghana. Furthermore, government intervention significantly moderates this relationship, enhancing the effectiveness of COVID-19 containment strategies in maintaining operational performance. These findings suggest that government support is crucial in mitigating the adverse economic effects of pandemics on SMEs. The study offers practical implications for policy formulation, highlighting the need for responsive and well-targeted government assistance during public health crises.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 151-165
ISSN: 2311 7575

BRANDING STRATEGIES AND MARKETABILITY OF TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES IN SELECTED ATHLETICS CAMPS IN KENYA

Jackson Mumo Munywoki & Daniel Komu

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Branding strategies, corporate branding, digital branding, marketability, media branding, personal branding.

This study examined the effect of personal, media, digital, and corporate branding strategies on the marketability of track and field athletes in selected Kenyan athletics camps, addressing their failure to benefit from effective branding despite exemplary global performance. Guided by the Athlete Brand Image theory, supported by the Social Exchange and Excellence theories, the descriptive research design targeted 1013 athletes across five North Rift camps. Data were collected from a sample of 287 athletes plus 10 coaches and managers (n=297) via questionnaires and interviews, achieving a sufficient 71% response rate. Data analysis established that all four branding strategies significantly impact marketability. Media branding demonstrated the most substantial effect, followed by corporate branding. Personal and digital branding also showed significant correlations. The study concluded that media branding is pivotal for enhancing visibility, reputation, and sponsor interest. The study recommended that athletes should focus on building an authentic personal brand by actively engaging fans through storytelling and social media. Critically, athletes should strategically use media platforms, like Instagram and Twitter, to boost visibility and reputation, and should leverage digital engagement platforms and influencer marketing to attract sponsors and enhance visibility. Developing robust corporate partnerships and sponsorships is also essential. Future studies should focus on comparative analyses of branding effectiveness between different athletic hubs in Kenya.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 166-184
ISSN: 2311 7575

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AMONG STAFF WORKING REMOTELY IN KINDE ENGINEERING WORKS IN KENYA

Kiririu Joanally Ndegwa & Gladys Nafula

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Technological infrastructure, employee productivity, remote work, ICT support

This study examined how technological infrastructure influences employee productivity, particularly in a post-pandemic context where remote work has become increasingly prevalent. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and the Resource-Based View theory, the study explored the extent to which access to digital tools, internet connectivity, IT support, and user competence contribute to employee performance outcomes. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population comprised 123 employees, from which a sample of 94 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression, and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that technological infrastructure had a significant positive relationship with employee productivity (R² = 0.502, p < 0.001), indicating that improvements in digital capacity explained about 50.2% of variations in productivity levels among remote workers. Respondents reported high satisfaction with the availability of software tools, system reliability, and IT support responsiveness, which collectively enhanced timeliness, task completion, and output quality. Qualitative findings further supported these results, emphasizing that digital infrastructure promotes communication efficiency, accountability, and innovation within remote teams. However, some challenges, such as inconsistent connectivity and over-monitoring through digital tools, were noted as potential productivity constraints. The study concluded that robust technological infrastructure is critical for sustaining productivity in remote working environments. Kinde Engineering Works’ investment in modern digital systems and employee training has contributed significantly to maintaining performance consistency despite geographical dispersion. The study recommends continued infrastructure upgrades, capacity-building initiatives, and balanced remote work policies that integrate flexibility with effective supervision. These insights extend beyond Kinde Engineering Works, offering practical implications for other firms in Kenya’s ISP and engineering sectors seeking to optimize performance under digital and hybrid work models.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 185-194
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AIRWAYS

Omondi Mathews Nunda and Dr. Samuel Thiong’o

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Digital Transformation, Competitive Advantage, Technology Acceptance Model, Kenya Airways, Airline Industry

The airline industry is increasingly adopting digital transformation to enhance competitiveness, improve operational efficiency, and enrich customer experiences. This study investigated the effect of digital transformation initiatives on competitive advantage in the airline industry, focusing on Kenya Airways. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research adopted a mixed-methods design with a census survey of 180 employees drawn from operations, customer service, information technology, marketing, and corporate affairs departments. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, validated through expert review and pilot testing, and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The results showed that digital transformation had the strongest and most significant influence on competitive advantage (r = 0.748, p < 0.01; β = 0.328, p < 0.001). Adoption of mobile and web platforms, automation of service delivery, AI/chatbots use, and digital engagement metrics were positively linked to operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and brand positioning. The findings align with global evidence that digital tools transform customer engagement and efficiency in the aviation sector. The study concludes that digital transformation is a strategic lever for competitive positioning in Kenya’s aviation industry and recommends that Kenya Airways strengthen investments in automation, user-friendly platforms, staff digital training, and AI-powered solutions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 195-206
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY: A CASE STUDY OF MISSION FOR ESSENTIAL DRUGS AND SUPPLIES

Mirriam Musyoka & Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: olicies, rules, processes, governing structures, and strategic plans in line with their objectives

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between strategic planning and performance of NGOs in Machakos County, with a case study of Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies. The study’s anchor theory was Ansoff’s Strategic Performance Theory, supported by Resource-Based View Theory and Stakeholder Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design, with a target population of 200 respondents drawn from Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies in Machakos. A sample size of 133 respondents was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study results showed that the implementation of strategic planning significantly impacts the performance of NGOs. Regression analysis results showed a correlation coefficient of (R = 0.737), suggesting a strong positive relationship between strategic planning and NGO performance. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.543, indicating that changes in strategic planning account for 54.3% of the variance in NGO performance. The study concludes that there is a substantial correlation between NGOs' performance and strategic planning hence improving it will result to positive performance. The study recommends that MEDS's management and board of directors should continue designing and adopting policies, rules, processes, governing structures, and strategic plans in line with their objectives.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 207-216
ISSN: 2311 7575

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PROJECT DESIGN ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNTY

Kimani Joseph Alvin and Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: project design, sustainability, community development initiatives, Kajiado County

The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor project design, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project design influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and ResourceBased View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling in Olchoronyori and Oloirien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Project design significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through an integrated project design and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 217-228
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF BRAND POSITIONING ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF NAIROBI GARAGE IN KENYA

Kagotho Wairimu Caroline and Leseiyo Moses

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Brand positioning, financial performance, coworking spaces, Nairobi Garage, brand identity, customer retention, service quality, value proposition, strategic branding, Kenya.

This study examines the impact of brand positioning on the financial performance of coworking spaces in Kenya, focusing on Nairobi Garage as a case study. Employing a descriptive and inferential research design, the study collected data from 56 employees across five Nairobi Garage branches. Findings reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between brand positioning and financial outcomes, with brand positioning accounting for 68.7% of the variation in financial performance. Key factors such as service quality, consistent brand messaging, and value communication were shown to influence revenue growth, customer retention, and profitability. However, moderate scores in brand differentiation highlight the need for clearer market distinction. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and Balanced Scorecard theories, the research offers practical implications for coworking space managers, policymakers, and investors aiming to enhance brand strategy and financial sustainability. The study recommends refining value propositions, ensuring consistent branding, and aligning branding with customer expectations to improve competitiveness.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 229-255
ISSN: 2311 7575

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN THE PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF TEACHERS SERVICE COMMISSION

Alice Mbangula & David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Performance Management Systems, Organizational effectiveness, Public Institutions, Performance Planning, Performance Monitoring, Performance Rating, Performance Development, Teachers Service Commission

Performance Management System (PMS) is a critical tool for monitoring and evaluating employee performance against organizational objectives in both public and private sectors. Despite its adoption, limited research exists on its direct impact on organizational effectiveness. This study investigated the influence of PMS on organizational effectiveness at the Teachers Service Commission (TSC), focusing on performance planning, monitoring, rating, and development. The study was guided by goal-setting theory, expectancy theory, and learning curve theory. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 375 Secretariat Staff at TSC Headquarters. Using stratified random sampling, 30% of the population was selected, yielding a sample size of 113. Data was collected through questionnaires whose reliability and validity were confirmed. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22, applying descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regression). Findings revealed that performance planning (r=0.506, β=0.225, p<0.05), performance monitoring (r=0.831, β=0.136, p<0.05), performance rating (r=0.961, β=0.431, p<0.05), and performance development (r=0.693, β=0.105, p<0.05) all had positive and statistically significant effects on organizational effectiveness. Among these, performance rating emerged as the strongest predictor; while monitoring and planning were vital for accountability and goal alignment. Continuous employee development was also found essential for capacity building and sustaining long-term improvements. The study concludes that PMS significantly enhances organizational effectiveness at TSC and recommends further research across institutions. Policymakers should strengthen fairness, transparency, and resource allocation, while continuous training, mentoring, and integration of PMS principles in teacher preparation programs are vital for professional and institutional growth.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 256-266
ISSN: 2311 7575

ASSESSING PROJECT NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNTY

Kimani Joseph Alvin and Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Project Needs Identification, Sustainability, Community Development Initiatives, Kenya, Kajiado County

The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor Needs Identification, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project needs identification influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling in Olchoronyori and Oloirien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Needs Identification significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through integrated needs identification and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 267-288
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND INSURANCE PENETRATION IN KENYA: THE INTERPLAY OF GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

Abdullahi Mohamed Abdi, Prof. Emmanuel Awour & Dr. James Mwikya

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Leadership, Government Regulations, Insurance Penetration

The relatively lower level of insurance penetration in Kenya has been attributed to a number of factors including lack of awareness on available insurance products, low income levels among the key consuming public, perceived low rate of returns for life policies, cumbersome claim settlement procedures, lack of trust of insurance players, and expensive premiums. The study objective was to establish the mediating effect of digital transformation on the relationship between strategic leadership and insurance penetration in Kenya. The study was guided by Strategic Leadership Theory, New Public Management (NPM) and Resource-Based Theory. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, the research targeted 58 licensed insurance companies in Kenya, employing a census sampling method to survey 232 participants, and data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics following a pilot study to refine the questionnaire. The study results revealed a very strong positive correlation (R=0.979) between the predictors (strategic leadership and government regulations) and insurance penetration. This indicates that the combined effect of these factors significantly enhances insurance penetration. Additionally, the R2 value of 0.958 suggests that approximately 95.8% of the variation in insurance penetration can be explained by strategic leadership and government regulation. Both factors, strategic leadership and government regulations, individually contribute to increasing insurance penetration, and their combined interaction further strengthens this effect, demonstrating a substantial influence on the sector’s growth. The analysis also indicates that government regulations moderate the impact of strategic leadership, altering its direct effect on insurance penetration. These findings highlight the importance of considering both leadership and regulatory frameworks together when developing strategies to enhance insurance market penetration. The study recommends that, policymakers and industry leaders in Kenya focus on strengthening both strategic leadership and government regulations to enhance insurance penetration. Efforts should be made to foster effective leadership practices that are responsive to market needs while simultaneously developing and enforcing regulatory frameworks that support industry growth. Given that government regulations moderate the impact of strategic leadership, a coordinated approach that aligns leadership initiatives with regulatory policies will be crucial. This International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies, 2026 Volume 6 Issue 1 268 integrated strategy will help create an enabling environment that maximizes the positive effects of leadership and regulation on expanding insurance coverage across the country..

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 289-297
ISSN: 2311 7575

OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE ADOPTION IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES: A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION

Sande Noelyne Nasubo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Open-Source Software, Adoption, African Universities, Sustainable Innovation

The digital transformation of African higher education is a pivotal driver for socioeconomic development, research excellence, and global competitiveness. However, this transformation is critically constrained by chronic financial limitations, technological dependence on foreign proprietary systems, and significant infrastructural deficits. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis arguing that the strategic, institutional-wide adoption of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) is not merely a cost-cutting IT strategy but a fundamental pathway for African universities to achieve sustainable innovation, pedagogical relevance, and digital sovereignty. The research employs a multi-dimensional framework, examining the socio-technical, economic, and political aspects of FOSS integration. It meticulously details the profound benefits, which extend beyond direct financial savings to encompass enhanced academic freedom, robust local capacity building, and the fostering of an indigenous culture of innovation and problem-solving. The paper provides an exhaustive survey of FOSS applications across the entire university ecosystem, from learning management systems (e.g., Moodle, Chamilo) and administrative suites (e.g., LibreOffice, GNU/Linux) to specialized research tools (e.g., R, Python, QGIS) and library management systems (e.g., Koha). A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to a critical and honest appraisal of the formidable barriers to adoption, including technical skills gaps, cultural resistance, concerns over support and maintenance, and overarching policy vacuums. In response, the paper proposes a holistic and actionable strategic framework for successful implementation, emphasizing the necessity of visionary leadership, phased deployment, substantial investment in human capital development, and the creation of collaborative consortia. The conclusion posits that FOSS adoption represents a paradigm shift moving from technological consumerism to academic and technological self-determination, enabling African universities to tailor solutions to local contexts, control their digital destinies, and ultimately emerge as central hubs of sustainable innovation for the continent's development. Keywords: open-source software, African universities, sustainable innovation, digital transformation, higher education, ICT4D, capacity building, digital sovereignty, Moodle, policy

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 298-312
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE EFFECT OF CORE COMPETENCIES AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK

Ali Buthul Aden and Gladys Nafula Mabonga

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Core Competencies, Human Capital Development, Organizational Performance, Strategic Leadership, Banking Industry, Kenya Commercial Bank

The banking industry in Kenya plays a crucial role in financial intermediation, economic growth, and employment creation. However, many banks continue to face challenges of declining profitability, customer dissatisfaction, and workforce inefficiencies, partly attributed to inadequate leadership strategies. This paper investigates the effect of core competencies and human capital development on organizational performance at Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB), Kencom House. The study adopted a descriptive–explanatory research design, targeting 400 employees across strategic departments, from which a stratified random sample of 200 respondents was drawn. Data were collected using semistructured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression techniques with SPSS version 25. The findings revealed that both core competencies and human capital development significantly influenced organizational performance. Core competencies such as innovation capability, technological proficiency, service quality, and responsiveness accounted for improved financial outcomes and customer satisfaction (β = 0.327, p < 0.01). Similarly, human capital development comprising training, succession planning, knowledge sharing, and employee engagement positively contributed to productivity and operational efficiency (β = 0.251, p < 0.05). The study concludes that continuous investment in distinctive organizational capabilities and human capital enhances the performance and competitiveness of commercial banks. It recommends that KCB strengthen innovation systems, align employee development programs with strategic objectives, and institutionalize knowledge-sharing platforms to sustain superior performance in an evolving financial environment.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 313-320
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF CARBON MARKETS ON PERFORMANCE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KOKO NETWORKS

Mambo Ivy Wanjiru and Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Carbon Markets, Climate Adaptation Initiatives, Kenya

Climate change has had severe impacts globally and across different sectors. The global South, Kenya included, is bearing the brunt of these changes, which necessitate the process of adjusting to the change. In this regard, several adaptation initiatives have been initiated to address this need. To ensure the sustainability of these initiatives, financing should be sustainable, which has been a major challenge. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the influence of carbon markets on the performance of climate adaptation initiatives in Kenya. This study is anchored on the theory of financial intermediation. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 31 climate adaptive initiatives in Kenya with a focus on KOKO Networks and shall utilize census sampling. Data collection will be done using structured questionnaires administered through Survey Monkey. Data analysis will be done through descriptive and inferential statistics. This study will be useful to policymakers in creating policies that ensure project sustainability. Project managers shall also benefit through this in understanding best ways to structure future projects using the most suitable financing mechanisms for the project.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 321-333
ISSN: 2311 7575

STAKEHOLDERS’ INVOLVEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF ROAD PROJECTS IN KENYAN COUNTIES: A CASE STUDY OF UASIN GISHU COUNTY.

Jackson Langat and Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Stakeholder involvement practices, performance, road projects, Uasin Gishu County

The objective of this study was to investigate how stakeholder involvement practices influence the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County, and the specific objective was to determine how baseline information provision influences the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County. In this study, Participatory Development theory and Stakeholder Theory were used, with the anchor theory being Stakeholder Theory. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 152 respondents from Uasin Gishu County and a sample size of 110, where stratified random sampling was adopted. The researcher used a questionnaire as the main research instrument, and data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 25. Presentation of analysed data was done using percentages, mean and standard deviation by use of frequency tables The study findings showed that baseline information provision significantly affects the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County. A positive linear relationship between baseline information provision and project performance suggests that project management teams should ensure adequate provision for baseline data collection. The study recommends that project managers should focus on collecting and sharing baseline information for road projects, involving stakeholders in defining key performance indicators (KPIs), and establishing standardized protocols for data collection and sharing.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 334-343
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA

Pauline Wambeti Muriithi and Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Stakeholder Engagement, Project Sustainability, Disaster Preparedness, Baringo County, Kenya

This study investigated the role of stakeholder engagement in ensuring the sustainability of disaster preparedness and response projects in Baringo County, Kenya, a region prone to recurrent droughts and floods. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data was collected from 120 Disaster Risk Management committee members through structured questionnaires, analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The results demonstrated that robust engagement of community members, government agencies, NGOs, and private sector stakeholders significantly enhanced ownership, resource mobilization, and effective project implementation, accounting for 68% of the variance in project sustainability (R² = 0.68, p < .001). Community involvement in planning and inter-agency coordination during evaluation emerged as key predictors of sustained outcomes. Barriers such as conflicting agendas and weak feedback mechanisms were identified as impediments. The study recommends establishing formal stakeholder forums, capacity-building workshops, standardized feedback systems, and policy incentives to foster inclusive and sustained collaboration, thereby strengthening the resilience and longevity of disaster management initiatives in Baringo County.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 344-364
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

Gioche Nyambura Lucy and Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Planning, Organizational performance, State Corporations, Kenya

Strategic planning positively affects the performance of state-owned companies (SOEs) in Kenya, with evidence indicating that their effective application enhances organizational outcomes. However, despite the adoption of strategic planning frameworks, many State-Owned Enterprises in Kenya continue to experience performance challenges such as inefficiency, weak governance structures, financial mismanagement, and delays in project implementation. These issues have led to low productivity, dependence on government bailouts, and failure to meet performance targets. This persistent underperformance raises concerns about the effectiveness of strategic management practices within these entities. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of Strategic planning on the organizational performance of State Corporations in Kenya: a case study of the Geothermal Development Company. This research was anchored by the Resource-Based View Theory, and supported by Strategyas-Practice (SAP). Employing a descriptive research approach, data from 871 employees at Geothermal Development Company (GDC) were analysed employing a stratified sampling technique, resulting in a sample population of 274 respondents. A standardized questionnaire was employed to gather information, preceded by a pilot study to validate the tool's dependability. Analysis involved reviewing surveys, extracting statistics, and applying regression analysis via SPSS version 24 to explore how independent and dependent variables relate to one another. The study found that strategic planning was inclusive and systematic, featuring stakeholder engagement and goal prioritization. Effective strategy formulation was evidenced by personnel engagement and alignment with organizational objectives, promoting a link between goals and performance. The study recommends that Kenyan state corporations enhance strategic planning through better organization, stakeholder participation, and regular updates. It stresses the importance of developing analytical skills for data-driven decision-making and aligning planning with performance metrics. The research advocates for stakeholder engagement, measurable outcomes, and suggests longitudinal studies to explore causal relationships.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 365-378
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION AND FOOD SECURITY FOR FRESH PRODUCE IN NAIROBI COUNTY: A CASE STUDY OF KIBRA SUB-COUNTY

Ingolo Josphine Aluko and Dr. Derow Aden

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Digital supply chain optimization, fresh produce, Kibra Sub-County, food security.

Food security is a critical challenge in Kenya, with approximately half of the population living in poverty and about 7.5 million, in extreme poverty. This is undermined by challenges in the fresh produce supply chain, such as poor market access and high food loss rates, which adversely affect nutrition outcomes. This study examines the impact of digital supply chain optimization encompassing digital logistics integration, digital market linkages, digital traceability, digital transparency and information sharing, on food security. Grounded under systems theory, the study employed a cross-sectional design. Data was collected from 319 stakeholders via questionnaires and interviews, analyzed using SPSS Version 28 for descriptive and regression statistics, and content analysis for qualitative insights. The findings indicated that digital logistics integration had the strongest positive impact through improved delivery efficiency and reduced post-harvest losses. Digital market linkages showed significant influence, facilitated by mobile platforms, though adoption was constrained by low digital literacy and unreliable internet. Digital traceability systems had limited adoption due to infrastructural barriers, while digital transparency enhanced decision-making but lacked a regulatory framework. Analysis of qualitative insights highlighted stakeholder demand for lowtechnology solutions. Recommendations set out include the establishment of community Wi-Fi hubs, implementation of SMS-based tools, provision of digital literacy programs and creation of farmer cooperatives to facilitate the scaling of digital interventions. This research makes a contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Kenya's Food and Nutrition Security Policy, highlighting strategies for urban food systems in low-resource settings.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 379-391
ISSN: 2311 7575

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KITUI COUNTY

Antony Muthengi Muema and Dr. Domeniter N. Kathula

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Project Management Practices, Institutional Performance, Public Secondary School, Kenya

The objective of this study was to investigate how project management practices influence the institutional performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. The specific objective was to determine how quality management practices, stakeholder engagement, risk management, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) influence the performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. In this study, Systems Theory and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory were used, with Systems Theory serving as the anchor theory. Systems Theory emphasizes that schools, as complex organizations, consist of interdependent subsystems—administration, teaching staff, students, and the community—that must function cohesively to achieve the overall performance of the school. RBV Theory emphasizes the internal resources of an organization as critical for achieving competitive advantage and sustainability. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 374 public secondary schools in Kitui County and a sample size of 332, selected through stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used as the main research instrument, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS software. The presentation of analyzed data was done using percentages, means, and standard deviations, with results displayed in frequency tables. The study findings showed that project management practices significantly affect the performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. A positive linear relationship between project management practices (such as quality management, stakeholder engagement, and risk management) and school performance suggests that adopting formal project management frameworks enhances school efficiency, project completion rates, and academic outcomes. The study recommends that school administrators and project managers should adopt formal project management frameworks, emphasizing stakeholder engagement, risk management strategies, and quality assurance practices to improve resource allocation and ensure successful project outcomes in Kitui County.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 392-418
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

Magdaline Mwai and Mr. David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Human Resource Management Practices, Employee Retention, Public Institutions, Kenya, Public Service Commission

Strategic human resource practices elements are characterised by recruitment and selection, training, and development. A void is created in the organisation when talented and capable workers leave, leading to the loss of vital skills, knowledge, and professional relationships. High employee voluntary turnover rates usually affect or interfere with organizational performance. In order to fill these gaps, this study examined the relationship between strategic HRM practices and employee retention in Kenyan public institutions, using the Public Service Commission (PSC) as a case study, and the specific objective was to establish the influence of recruitment and selection, and training and development on employee retention at the PSC. Anchor theory is human capital theory, reinforced by institutional theory and goal-setting theory. A descriptive design was adopted. The target population is 539 employees of PSC. Stratified random sampling was adopted. With the help of two research assistants, structured questionnaires were utilized to collect data, and the pick-and-drop approach was employed to obtain primary data. Results were displayed using tables. The results show a substantial correlation between employee retention and the strategic human resource management practices (p < 0.05, P = 0.00). The statistical significance of variables' values (p = 0.05) suggests that raising their mean index should enhance employee retention. The head of PSC should be aware that recruiting, identifying, and keeping the best talent in an organisation depends on having effective selection and recruitment procedures. The study recommends that Such policies improve organizational effectiveness, fairness, and transparency when they are properly drafted. PSC should incorporate training and development into the hiring process to guarantee that new hires are not only properly positioned but also prepared to function and advance within the company. A well-organised, fair, and impact-driven T&D policy increases worker engagement, lowers attrition, and boosts organizational competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to do more research encompassing a large geographic region, such as the other private institutions, as well as a comparison study to look at how various SHRM affect employee retention in other private institutions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 419-434
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND STRATEGY EVALUATION ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICE SMES IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA

Phyllis Aoko Okoth and Mr. Brown Kitur

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategy Implementation, Strategy Evaluation, Financial Performance, Balanced Scorecard, SMEs, Kisumu County

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) remain pivotal to Kenya’s economic development through job creation, innovation, and income generation. Despite their importance, professional service SMEs often experience weak financial performance due to poor execution and inadequate monitoring of strategic plans. This study examined the effect of strategy implementation and strategy evaluation on the financial performance of professional service SMEs in Kisumu County, Kenya. Anchored on the Balanced Scorecard Model and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 245 professional service SMEs, with a sample of 152 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 28. Reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.83. Regression results indicated that both strategy implementation (β = 0.229, p < 0.01) and strategy evaluation (β = 0.263, p < 0.001) had positive and statistically significant effects on financial performance, jointly explaining 72.4% of the variation in performance (R² = 0.724). The study concludes that consistent implementation and continuous evaluation of strategies enhance profitability, liquidity, and growth. It recommends that SMEs institutionalize structured implementation frameworks with clear performance indicators and feedback mechanisms to ensure strategic alignment and long-term sustainability.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 435-449
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE OF SELECTED NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ISIOLO COUNTY

Dickson Nyakenyanya and Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Leadership, Balanced Organizational Controls, Corporate Strategic Direction, Performance of NGOs, Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs)

The study examined the relationship between strategic leadership and the performance of selected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Isiolo County, Kenya, focusing on four dimensions: balanced organizational controls, corporate strategic direction, strategic planning, and organizational culture. Addressing contextual and empirical gaps in existing literature, particularly the underrepresentation of arid and semi-arid land (ASAL) settings, the study provides actionable insights for NGO leaders, policymakers, and scholars. Grounded in adaptive leadership, configuration, and goal-setting theories, the study collected data from 203 staff members across seven WASH-focused NGOs, with a representative sample of 135 respondents selected through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27, and ethical standards, including informed consent and confidentiality, were strictly observed. Findings revealed statistically significant positive relationships for three of the four strategic leadership dimensions with NGO performance. Balanced organizational controls had the strongest predictive coefficient (β = 0.479), followed by strategic planning (β = 0.428), corporate strategic direction (β = 0.367), and organizational culture (β = 0.135). The study established that NGOs that adopted transparent accountability systems, upheld missionaligned direction, institutionalised adaptive planning cycles, and nurtured ethical, learning-oriented cultures demonstrated stronger program effectiveness, stakeholder satisfaction, and operational resilience. The study recommends that NGOs in resourceconstrained environments embrace an integrated strategic leadership model that synchronizes controls, vision, planning, and culture to improve performance and sustainability.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 450-467
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC PENSION FUNDS IN KENYA: A CASE OF LAPFUND

Janet Jebiwot Rotich and Prof. Washington Okeyo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Leadership Practices, Organizational Performance, Public Pension Fund, Kenya, Lapfund

The study was carried out to identify leadership gaps and inform strategies that enhance pension fund sustainability and align with Kenya’s broader public sector reform needs. The general objective of this study was to investigate the strategic leadership practices and organizational performance of public pension funds at the Local Authorities Provident Fund. The specific objective of the study was to examine the effect of strategic direction on organizational performance of public pension funds at Local Authorities Provident Fund. The study's target population comprised of 144 respondents who were based at public pension funds headquarters in Nairobi. The study selected 59 respondents who were working at the public pension funds headquarters in Nairobi. Strategic direction showed a strong positive correlation, and a significant regression coefficient, underscoring the importance of leadership in aligning vision and goals with organizational priorities. The study recommends that public pension funds; align longterm goals with actionable programs to enhance performance, clear leadership vision and consistent prioritization of organizational objectives.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 468-493
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ON WATER CONSERVATION INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE NAIROBI CITY WATER & SEWERAGE COMPANY (NCWSC)

John Melita Kamoiro and Jared Osoro

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Leadership Styles, Decision-Making Process, Water Conservation Initiatives, Kenya

This study explored the influence of leadership styles on decision-making in water conservation initiatives in Kenya, focusing on the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company (NCWSC). The main objective was to assess how transformational, situational, servant, and charismatic leadership styles affect decision-making effectiveness in water resource management, infrastructure development, and service delivery. Despite NCWSC’s critical role in sustainable water conservation, persistent challenges in strategic planning, policy implementation, and stakeholder engagement are often linked to leadership inefficiencies. Guided by Charismatic Leadership Theory, Situational Leadership Theory, and the Rational Decision-Making Model, the study targeted NCWSC executives, department heads, managers, and technical officers. A stratified random sample of 360 respondents was selected, and data were collected using semistructured interviews and questionnaires. Mixed methods were employed: thematic analysis for qualitative data and SPSS (version 29) for quantitative analysis. The findings revealed that situational leadership had the greatest influence on effective decisionmaking, followed by transformational, charismatic, and servant leadership. Weaknesses identified included limited innovation, inadequate staff empowerment, and lack of flexibility. The study recommends fostering innovation through regular brainstorming workshops, enhancing employee participation through feedback mechanisms, and integrating charismatic motivation with structured governance for long-term conservation success. Strengthening leadership adaptability and inclusivity is crucial for improving water conservation outcomes and achieving sustainable water governance at NCWSC.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 494-518
ISSN: 2311 7575

GRIEVANCE HANDLING PROCEDURES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE WATER SERVICE SECTOR IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI CITY WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY

Ezekiel Njathi Hans and Mr. David Kanyanjua

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Grievance Handling Procedures, Employee Performance, Water Service, Kenya, Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company

The practice of managing employee relations in organizations has been observed to influence staff performance in one way or the other. For the practice to be more effective, leaders and managers are required to adopt effective respect, good channels of communication and build trust between individuals. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of grievance handling procedures on employee performance of NCWSC Ltd. The Pluralist theory served as the primary theoretical framework for theoretical debate. 3239 middle and upper-level management staff members at NCWSC who were eligible for unionization made up the study's target population. Using a stratified selection strategy, 356 individuals were selected from the target population to serve as the sample, and data were gathered through the use of questionnaires as research instruments. A descriptive research design was employed in the study. a pilot study to confirm the reliability and validity of the research. The data were assessed using both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 22. Study findings were presented using graphs, tables and descriptive summaries. The study established that; Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company's grievance resolution process is effective in settling disagreements, according to survey participants, who moderately agreed on an average mean score of 3.5266. With a correlation coefficient of r = 219 and a p-value of 008, grievance resolution demonstrated a modest but significant positive link, suggesting that there is a slight benefit to improving grievance resolution. Finally, a moderate regression effect (β =.187; p = 0.019) of grievance handling procedures on employee performance suggested that settling grievances has a beneficial impact on employee performance. The study concludes that grievance handling procedures have a positive influence on employee performance at Nairobi City Water and Sewerage company. The study found that poor co-ordination between part at NCWS in grievance resolutions. The study recommends fostering collaboration between key stakeholders, such as employees, management and labor unions, to create a transparent and structured grievance resolution process.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 519-531
ISSN: 2311 7575

INCOME LEVELS AND DAIRY FARMERS’ MEMBERSHIP IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES: A CASE OF GITHUNGURI DAIRY FARMERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY, KENYA

Francis Njuguna Nyoro and Dr. Samuel Thiongo

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Cooperative membership, Dairy farmers, Income levels, Rational Choice Theory, Smallholder farmers

This paper investigated the influence of income levels on dairy farmers’ membership in cooperative societies, focusing on the Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society in Kiambu County, Kenya. Cooperative societies are widely recognized for promoting economic stability, collective bargaining, and market access among smallholder farmers. While previous studies have shown that cooperative membership can enhance household income, there is limited empirical evidence on how pre-existing income levels determine farmers’ decisions to join and remain active in cooperatives. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 316 respondents comprising management and staff through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics summarized member perceptions of income stability, while inferential analyses—including Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression—examined the relationship between income levels and membership. The findings indicate a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.523, p < 0.01), with regression analysis confirming that income levels significantly predict cooperative membership (β = 0.215, p < 0.01), explaining 27.3% of the variation in membership. Higher and more stable income enhances farmers’ ability to meet cooperative obligations, strengthens trust in management, and fosters long-term participation. These results support Rational Choice Theory by demonstrating that farmers’ economic incentives influence their cooperative engagement. Practically, the study recommends implementing stable pricing, timely bonuses, and transparent profitsharing mechanisms to enhance member loyalty, while policymakers should support initiatives that stabilize incomes and reduce barriers to participation. Future research could explore the impact of digital platforms and socio-cultural networks on membership decisions, complementing income-based analyses.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 545-562
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES AND GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA

Christine Mbithi and Dr. Samuel Thiong’o

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: digital marketing strategies, Growth, Branding, Search Engine Optimization

This study assessed the effect of digital marketing strategies namely Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Email Marketing, and Online Advertising on the growth of SMEs in Machakos County. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which guided the understanding of both social media marketing and SME growth. The Resource-Based View (RBV) supported the SEO dimension, the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory guided the evaluation of email marketing. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 18,476 registered SMEs. A stratified random sample of 377 respondents was selected, and 340 valid responses were obtained, representing a 90.2% response rate. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.762 to 0.808, indicating high internal consistency. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS Version 28. The results revealed that all four digital marketing strategies had a significant and positive effect on SME growth. Social Media Marketing emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.412), followed by Online Advertising (β = 0.338), Email Marketing (β = 0.286), and SEO (β = 0.319). The model reported an R² of 0.612 and adjusted R² of 0.608, indicating that the four strategies collectively explained 61.2% of the variance in SME growth. ANOVA results further confirmed the model’s significance (F = 51.327, p < 0.05). The study concluded that digital marketing strategies significantly contributed to SME growth by enhancing customer engagement, brand visibility, and profitability. However, challenges persisted, including digital skill gaps, limited access to analytics tools, and constrained marketing budgets. The study recommended that SMEs invest in digital skills training, utilize affordable analytics platforms, and strengthen partnerships with public and private stakeholders to enhance their digital marketing capacity. Future research should explore the role of emerging digital innovations such as artificial intelligence, mobile commerce, and influencer marketing in advancing SME performance across different counties in Kenya.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 563-582
ISSN: 2311 7575

ELECTRONIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN COUNTY GOVERNMENT IN KENYA: A CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY

Hanan Mohamed Bashir and Edna Moriasi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: E-HRMIS, E-Recruitment, E-Training, E-Appraisal, E-Payroll, Employee Performance, Wajir County Government.

County governments in Kenya were established to decentralize authority and enhance service delivery, addressing marginalization under centralized governance. Despite these efforts, challenges such as poor waste management, pollution, water shortages, and deteriorating infrastructure persist, mainly due to inadequate employee performance. This study examined the influence of the electronic human resource information system (E-HRMIS) on employee performance in Wajir County Government, focusing on ERecruitment, E-Training, E-Appraisal, and E-Payroll management. Anchored on the Resource-Based View, Human Capital, and Contingency theories, the study adopted a cross-sectional survey design targeting 4,098 employees, with a stratified random sample of 101 respondents. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 28 through descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that all four E-HRMIS components—ERecruitment (r = 0.716, p < 0.01), E-Appraisal (r = 0.627, p < 0.01), E-Payroll (r = 0.597, p < 0.01), and E-Training (r = 0.588, p < 0.01)—had strong, positive, and statistically significant correlations with employee performance. The regression model explained 65.4% of the variance (R² = 0.654), with E-Recruitment (β = 0.421) emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that an integrated E-HRMIS framework enhances productivity, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery. It recommends that Wajir County strengthen E-Recruitment and E-Training systems, improve communication and fairness in E-Appraisal and enhance accessibility in E-Payroll management. Implementing these data-driven strategies can optimize human resource management and elevate service delivery across county governments

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 583-601
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ON SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA

Christine Jepkoech and Tom Kawino

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: : Stakeholder participation, sustainability, solid waste management projects, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

The sustainability of solid waste management projects remains a major challenge in many developing countries despite substantial investments in infrastructure and technology. This study examined the effect of stakeholder participation on the sustainability of solid waste management projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was guided by Stakeholder Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 250 different individuals actively involved or affected by SWMPs in the county. A sample size of 152 respondents was achieved using the Yamane formula. Participants was sampled using stratified sampling. The information was collected using questionnaires, and a pilot study was carried out in Nakuru City to determine the validity and reliability of research instruments. The data was subsequently coded and placed into a computer where the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25) was used to analyze them. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was based on frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were correlation and regression analysis. Analyzed data was presented in form of tables. The results revealed that stakeholder participation has a positive and significant effect on sustainability of Solid Waste Management Projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (β1=0.207, p=0.004). The study concluded that Stakeholder participation is crucial for sustainability of Solid Waste Management (SWM) projects in Uasin Gishu County. It recommends that county governments institutionalize stakeholder participation frameworks that promote regular consultation, transparency, and community engagement in waste management initiatives. The study contributes to policy and practice by providing empirical evidence that stakeholder participation is a critical determinant of sustainability in public environmental projects and underscores the importance of inclusive governance for effective solid waste management in Kenya.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 602-612
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOLS PERFORMANCE AT GREAT NEWS ACADEMY, MALINDI SUB-COUNTY, KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA

Christopher Kambi Mumba and Leseiyo Moses

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: 602-612

This study examined the effect of communication on the performance of basic education schools in Kenya, focusing on Great News Academy, Malindi. The study adopted a correlational survey design to establish the relationship between managerial communication and school performance. The target population comprised 551 individuals, including administrators, teachers, and support staff, from which a sample of 232 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness across categories. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, which provided quantitative insights into the effectiveness of communication practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation analysis, to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between communication and school performance. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between effective communication and school performance, indicating that open, timely, and clear communication among school managers, teachers, and stakeholders enhances organizational coordination and student outcomes. The study recommended that school management strengthen internal communication channels, promote participatory dialogue, and implement feedback mechanisms to ensure transparency and collaboration. Such measures would foster shared understanding, improve decision-making efficiency, and ultimately enhance overall school performance in basic education institutions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 613-625
ISSN: 2311 7575

DATA-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA. A CASE OF THE MINISTRY OF COOPERATIVE AND MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMEN

Rose Kiptoo and Prof. Peter Kithae

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Data-Driven Leadership, Strategic Decision Making, Public Sector, Kenya.

The Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development holds a key position in promoting the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are vital to economic growth and job creation. To improve service delivery and support strategic planning, the Ministry has begun incorporating data driven leadership into its operations. However, the impact of this data driven leadership on strategic decision-making has not been thoroughly examined. Despite the government's ongoing push to digitize public services, significant obstacles remain in fully integrating data driven leadership into the Ministry’s strategic planning and decision-making activities. This study aimed to assess the relationship between Data-Driven Leadership and strategic decision making in public sector in Kenya within the Ministry of Cooperatives and MSMEs Development. The study was guided by transformational leadership theory. A descriptive research design guided the study. The target population comprised 300 officials from the Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development, from which a sample of 120 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected using both structured and semi-structured questionnaires. quantitative data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Multiple regression analysis was employed to evaluate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings indicated that Data-Driven Leadership (β = 0.615, p < 0.05) significantly impact the effectiveness of decision-making. The study concludes that Data-Driven Leadership significantly enhances strategic decision-making by fostering evidence-based insights, efficiency, and organizational adaptability

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 626-642
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF TECHNICAL CAPACITY AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT ON PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN MARGINALIZED COUNTIES OF KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF GARISSA COUNTY

Suleiman Hussein and Brown Kitur

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Technical Capacity, Stakeholder Involvement, Project Implementation, Marginalized Counties, Garissa County, Kenya.

Effective project implementation remains a persistent challenge in Kenya’s marginalized counties, where limited institutional capacity and weak stakeholder engagement often lead to project delays, cost overruns, and incomplete outcomes. This study examined the effect of technical capacity and stakeholder involvement on project implementation in Garissa County, one of Kenya’s least developed regions. The research was guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Stakeholder Theories, which emphasize internal capabilities and participatory governance as key enablers of project success. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 250 project stakeholders drawn from various county departments. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample size of 154 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients exceeding 0.80. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 28, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that both technical capacity (β = 0.247, p < 0.01) and stakeholder involvement (β = 0.209, p = 0.003) had a positive and statistically significant effect on project implementation in Garissa County. The overall model explained 64.1% (R² = 0.641) of the variation in project implementation, confirming the strong predictive power of the selected variables. The study concluded that enhancing technical competencies, providing adequate tools and systems, and promoting participatory stakeholder engagement are critical to improving project efficiency and sustainability in marginalized regions. It recommends that county governments institutionalize continuous capacity-building programs, strengthen stakeholder consultation mechanisms, and integrate participatory monitoring and evaluation frameworks. These measures would enhance accountability, foster ownership, and improve the timely completion and quality of public projects in Kenya’s devolved system.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 643-665
ISSN: 2311 7575

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL PROTECTION IN KENYA

Sabastian Mugo and Brown Kitur

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Coaching, Conflict Management, Employee Performance, Succession Planning, Team Building

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Management Development Programmes on employee performance in the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection in Kenya. The study was guided by four specific objectives: to determine the effect of team building, conflict management, coaching, and succession planning on employee performance within the Ministry. The research was significant to government agencies, policymakers, investors, and human resource practitioners as it provided insights into how management development initiatives enhance workforce efficiency, employee satisfaction, and institutional effectiveness. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting a population of 200 employees drawn from the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. Stratified random sampling was used to select 100 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, while a pilot study involving 10 participants from a similar government institution was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 28). Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and percentages were used, while inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis were employed to establish relationships between variables. The findings were presented using tables, figures, and graphs, and ethical principles such as confidentiality, informed consent, and voluntary participation were strictly observed. The findings revealed that management development programmes had a significant positive influence on employee performance in the Ministry. Team building was found to enhance collaboration, communication, and morale, leading to higher levels of productivity and commitment. Effective conflict management practices contributed to improved teamwork, reduced workplace tension, and higher efficiency. Coaching enhanced employee confidence, decision-making ability, and job satisfaction, while succession planning ensured leadership continuity, employee motivation, and organizational stability. The study concluded that management development programmes are crucial for improving employee performance and achieving institutional goals. It recommended that the Ministry should invest consistently in structured team- International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies, 2026 Volume 6 Issue 1 644 building initiatives, establish continuous conflict management training, strengthen coaching and mentorship programmes, and institutionalize succession planning to ensure leadership continuity and organizational resilience. The study further suggested that future research should examine the long-term effects of management development programmes across different government ministries and incorporate qualitative approaches to provide deeper insights into employee perceptions and behavioural changes

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 666-676
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF TRANSPARENCY PRACTICES ON SUSTAINABLE CLIMATERESILIENT NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL-KENYA

Linet Nabuwaya Mukhula and Patricia Njoki

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Corporate Governance, Transparency, Natural Resource Management, Sustainability, Climate Resilience, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG).

Transparency mechanisms play a critical role in ensuring sustainable and climateresilient natural resource management (NRM), particularly in the face of increasing climate-related challenges. This study sought to assess how Transparency Mechanisms enhance sustainable NRM, focusing on Transparency International-Kenya (TI-Kenya) as a case study. Grounded in Environmental Governance Theory, the research employed a quantitative approach, drawing insights from a diverse range of stakeholders to capture quantitative dimensions of governance effectiveness. The target population was 150 people who included TI-Kenya employees, policymakers, environmental experts, and local community representatives, selected through stratified and purposive sampling techniques. The findings affirmed that sound transparency mechanisms were indispensable in fostering sustainable, climate-resilient natural resource management at Transparency International-Kenya. The study recommended that future research could explore how these corporate governance mechanisms function in more diverse contexts, particularly among smaller grassroots organizations or in different geographical regions facing distinct climate impacts.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 693-705
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION TOOLS AND STRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS START-UPS IN KISUMU SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

Lynn Akinyi Okello and Prof. Peter Kithae,

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Decision-Making, Digital Transformation, SMEs, Kisumu, Mobile Money, Cloud Computing, Order Management Systems

Digital transformation has become a critical driver of competitiveness for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), yet its strategic application in resource-constrained contexts remains underexplored. This study examined the effect of mobile money transfer and cloud computing on strategic decision-making among small and medium business start-ups (SMBSUs) in Kisumu County, Kenya. A sequential explanatory mixedmethods design was adopted, combining a quantitative survey of 199 founders and senior managers across sectors such as retail, agribusiness, services, and manufacturing with qualitative interviews involving 12–15 purposively selected respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation, and multiple regression in SPSS, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis using NVivo. Findings revealed that mobile money was the most widely adopted tool though it primarily served operational purposes with negligible strategic impact. Conversely, cloud computing showed limited strategic contribution due to infrastructural and skill-related barriers. The study highlights the uneven integration of digital tools into strategic processes and identifies leadership capacity, infrastructure, and cost as key determinants of adoption. These insights inform policy and practice by emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to strengthen digital literacy, improve access to affordable technologies, and foster inclusive digital ecosystems in devolved regions.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 706-720
ISSN: 2311 7575

THE INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL

Lucy Ongachi Osinde and Johnson Kianda

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: evidence-based strategic planning, capacity building, and digital transformation to enhance institutional performance.

Public referral hospitals in Kenya face persistent performance challenges, including inefficient service delivery, resource constraints, and staff shortages that undermine their healthcare mandate. This study assessed the influence of management strategies, leadership style, strategic orientation, staff competencies, and technology integration, on the organizational performance of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from a sample of 357 respondents and analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and regression techniques. The results revealed that all four management strategies positively influenced performance, with strategic orientation emerging as the strongest predictor, followed by staff competencies, technology integration, and leadership style. Collectively, the variables explained 53.8% of the variance in performance. The study concludes that a synergistic approach to strengthening these strategies is crucial for improving hospital efficiency and service quality. It recommends blended leadership styles, evidence-based strategic planning, capacity building, and digital transformation to enhance institutional performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 721-733
ISSN: 2311 7575

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND DAIRY FARMERS’ MEMBERSHIP IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES: A CASE OF GITHUNGURI DAIRY FARMERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY

Francis Njuguna Nyoro and Dr. Samuel Thiong’o

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Corporate Governance, Dairy Farmers, Membership, Cooperative Societies, Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society

Globally, cooperative societies are recognized as pivotal in enhancing economic empowerment among smallholder farmers by facilitating resource pooling, knowledge sharing, and market access. In Kenya, dairy cooperatives play a critical role in connecting farmers to formal markets, offering fair pricing, and enabling access to credit and training. Despite these benefits, governance challenges such as weak leadership, limited member oversight, and poor communication often undermine member participation and trust. This study examined the relationship between corporate governance and dairy farmers’ membership, focusing on Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society in Kiambu County. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 1,515 management and staff members, with a stratified random sample of 316 participants. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, validated through expert review and pilot testing, and analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between corporate governance and membership (r = 0.612, p < 0.01), with governance practices explaining 37.5% of membership variance. The study concludes that robust governance structures enhance trust, satisfaction, and sustained membership, and recommends policy, managerial, and technological interventions to strengthen cooperative governance and member engagement

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 734-755
ISSN: 2311 7575

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES AND CARBON EMISSION REDUCTION IN THE KENYAN AIRSPACE: A CASE STUDY OF THE KENYA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY

John Otange and Prof. John Cheluget

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Regulatory Framework, Emissions Monitoring Systems, Green Certification Standards, Staff Environmental Training Programs, Performance of KCAA in Carbon Emission Reduction

This study examined how integrated environmental management initiatives influence carbon emission reduction within the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA). Specifically, it assessed the impact of environmental regulatory frameworks, emission monitoring systems, green certification standards, and environmental training programs. Guided by Ecological Modernization, Environmental Management, and Sustainability Theories, the study employed a mixed-methods design targeting 530 personnel, with a sample of 228 determined using the Yamane formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Results showed that regulatory frameworks (β = 0.183, p = 0.023), emission monitoring systems (β = 0.005, p = 0.009), green certification standards (β = 0.617, p = 0.000), and environmental training programs (β = 0.021, p = 0.008) significantly influenced carbon emission reduction, explaining 49.1% of the variance. Green certification standards were the strongest predictor. Qualitative findings highlighted challenges such as limited funding, skill gaps, and outdated monitoring tools. The study concludes that integrated interventions combining regulation, monitoring, certification, and training are vital for measurable emission reduction. It recommends strengthening staff training aligned with ISO 14001 and ACA benchmarks, modernizing monitoring infrastructure, and promoting leadership-driven sustainability

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 756-773
ISSN: 2311 7575

ORGANIZATIONAL AGILITY AND INNOVATION CAPABILITY IN KENYAN PARASTATALS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PORTS AUTHORITY

Samfan Aundo and Prof. Emanuel Awuor

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Organizational Agility, Innovation Capability, Parastatal, Kenya Ports Authority

Innovation capability has become a critical factor for organizational performance and sustainability, particularly within public sector institutions facing rapid technological, economic, and social changes. This study examined the effect of organizational agility on innovation capability in Parastatals, with a focus on the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA). Specifically, the research investigates how four internal organizational factors, leadership style, organizational learning, technological infrastructure, and knowledge management, individually and collectively influence innovation capability. The study was guided by Transformational Leadership Theory, Organizational Learning Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the Knowledge Based View of the firm. A descriptive correlational design will be employed, targeting employees of the Kenya Ports Authority at the Inland Container Depot (ICD) Nairobi. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and analysis involved descriptive statistics, regression techniques. The demographic results showed a balanced representation in gender, age, and job levels, with a majority of respondents having more than six years of experience, indicating a stable workforce. Descriptive analysis revealed that leadership at KPA promotes collaboration and vision sharing but falls short in supporting risk taking and experimentation. Organizational learning was moderately strong, with continuous training and a culture of improvement being evident, though the application of lessons from past experiences was limited. Technological infrastructure was found to simplify processes and support innovation but required more frequent system updates and enhanced ICT training. Knowledge management practices contributed to problem solving and innovation but were hindered by weak systems for knowledge storage and accessibility. Inferential analysis showed a strong relationship between the four predictors and innovation capability (R = 0.832), with 69.1% of the variance in innovation capability explained by the independent variables. Regression analysis revealed that organizational learning (B = 0.394, p = 0.000), and knowledge management (B = 0.341, p = 0.000) had positive and significant effects. ANOVA results further confirmed that the model was statistically significant (F = 104.206, p < 0.05). The study concluded that while KPA has made significant progress in promoting innovation through learning, technology, and knowledge management, leadership practices need to be restructured to encourage creativity and employee empowerment. Organizational learning emerged as the strongest driver of innovation capability, indicating that continuous training, reflective practices, and cross departmental collaboration are vital for fostering adaptability. The study recommended adopting transformational leadership approaches, investing in staff ICT training, upgrading digital systems, and developing robust knowledge management repositories. Policy recommendations included reducing bureaucratic barriers, embedding innovation into strategic plans, and creating mechanisms to empower employees to participate in innovation initiatives.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 774-790
ISSN: 2311 7575

VALUE-ADDED PROGRAMMES AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KENYA: A CASE OF INCUBATED SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KISUMU CITY

Daniel Lemayian Kitiyia and Prof. Peter Kithae

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: value-added programmes, performance of SMEs, business incubation, innovation, and capacity building

This study investigated the effect of value-added programmes on performance of SMEs within Kisumu City’s business incubation programme. It specifically examined the effect of innovation, and capacity building on SME performance. The study was anchored in the Social Exchange Theory and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, which provided a strong theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms through which incubation support enterprise growth. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 2,800 SME owners participating in the incubation programme and 44 field officers from enterprise support organisations (making a total of 2,844 target population). Using the Miller and Brewer (2021) formula, a sample of 323 respondents was selected through probability and random sampling methods. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed with SPSS (version 26) and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential techniques (regression, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation) were applied. Findings revealed that innovation significantly enhanced value addition and SME performance, while capacity-building provided essential skills for growth. The model explained 55.5% (R² = 0.555) of the variance in performance, and the ANOVA test confirmed the model’s validity (F = 65.634; p < 0.05). The study concluded that value addition through incubation programmes plays a vital role in improving SME performance. It recommended that managers, policymakers, and stakeholders strengthen innovation, and capacity building to enhance SME growth and sustainability.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 791-804
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF GENDER DIVERSITY ON PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA

Nyamai Maureen Mwende and Dr. Angeline Wambugu

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Gender Diversity, Organizational Performance, State-Owned Corporations (SOCs

This research examines the significance of board diversity on the performance of selected state-owned corporations in Kenya, highlighting a critical gap where over 30 percent of these organizations lack equality in gender, age, race, and education, which is essential for fostering innovation, enhancing decision-making, and adhering to the Mwongozo Code of Governance. Prior research often focuses on specific commercial banks or aspects of diversity, neglecting a comprehensive examination of all inclusion policies and the impact of local cultural factors. The primary objective is to assess the influence of boardlevel diversity on organizational outcomes, encompassing diversity in gender, race, age, and. The primary target population comprises personnel across 14 SOCs, including board members and senior management, due to their unique insights into organizational operations. A sample of 210 representative respondents, comprising board members and senior managers, was selected using a census approach, ensuring gender balance. The primary instrument was a structured questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale, followed by an assessment of equipment consistency and validation of content through a pilot study involving 10 percent (2 of 14 SOCs). The data was collected online over 14 days, with the assistance of research assistants, to enhance response rates. The study established that gender diversity (β = 0.218, p = 0.003) significantly enhance organizational performance. It concluded that inclusive and diverse boards foster innovation, accountability, and effective decision-making in state-owned corporations. Recommendations highlighted the need for targeted diversity policies, leadership training, succession planning, and continuous monitoring to optimize governance. Future studies should employ longitudinal designs, explore moderating factors like leadership style and organizational culture, and incorporate qualitative insights. Expanding research beyond SOCs to private firms and SMEs, while considering digital transformation and workforce mobility, would improve applicability.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 805-824
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT DRIVERS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN KENYA

Margaret N. Wekesa and Prof. John Cheluget

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic Management, Financial Performance, Customer Focus, Information Technology, Safety, Airports, Kenya.

The research paper will discuss how the strategic management drivers, which include strategic customer focus and strategic information technology, are associated with the financial performance of international airports in Kenya. The aviation business is becoming more and more customer-oriented and technologically advanced to enhance the efficiency of operations and increase financial performance. The research design was descriptive and the data used were quantitative, collected among the management and the operation staff of Jomo Kenyatta, Moi, Eldoret, and Kisumu International Airports. Descriptive statistics analysis, correlation, and regression analysis were done to analyze. Results indicated that strategic customer focus and information technology had strong positive impacts on the financial performance, although the latter had an even stronger impact because it automated the processes and allowed making data-driven decisions. The authors conclude that airports with customer-oriented strategies and modern IT systems have more advantages to improve revenue growth, profitability, and competitiveness in terms of services. The suggestions include constant investments into customer experience systems, the use of a digital innovation strategy, and frequent staff training to maximize the use of technology and customer interaction.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 825-835
ISSN: 2311 7575

MICROENTERPRISE INTERVENTIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF LOWINCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN KENYA: A CASE OF SMALL ENTERPRISE OWNERS IN KIAMBU COUNTY

Bridget Wavinya Mutiso and Prof. Peter Kithae

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Business Skills Training, Microenterprise, Household Performance, Human Capital, Kenya

This study explored the effect of microenterprise interventions on performance of lowincome households in Kiambu County, Kenya who received entrepreneurship training from various microfinances (MFIs) in the year 2024. . A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 152 microenterprise operators, of whom 111 successfully participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS through both descriptive and inferential statistics. The regression results revealed that business skills training had a statistically significant positive effect on household performance (R = 0.578; R² = 0.334; Adjusted R² = 0.336; F(1,109) = 52.289, p < 0.001; β = 0.421, t = 2.492, p < 0.001). These findings indicated that business skills training accounted for approximately 33.4% of the variation in household performance. Respondents who had received business skills training reported improved record keeping, business planning, customer relations, and profitability. The study concluded that capacity-building initiatives focusing on business skills development significantly enhanced microenterprise sustainability and household welfare. The study thus recommended for integration of entrepreneurial training with mentorship and access to finance to strengthen the resilience and performance of low-income households in Kenya.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 836-860
ISSN: 2311 7575

SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PARASTATALS IN KENYA

Sarah Chepchumba and Prof. Emmanuel Awour

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Green Procurement, Ethical Sourcing, Organizational Performance, Public Sector, Kenya

This study explored how Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) practices influence organizational performance at the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA). The research adopted a cross-sectional census design involving 155 employees directly engaged in procurement and operational functions. Four key SSCM domains were examined—green procurement, waste management, resource efficiency, and ethical sourcing—while performance was assessed through indicators of cost efficiency, regulatory compliance, environmental sustainability, and employee engagement. The findings revealed that sustainability practices are increasingly integrated into CA’s operations, though their maturity varies. Green procurement and ethical sourcing emerged as the strongest performance drivers, demonstrating clear links to efficiency, transparency, and institutional credibility. In contrast, waste management and resource efficiency were less developed and contributed minimally to measurable outcomes, reflecting operational rather than strategic application. The regression model explained a meaningful share of performance variance (R² = 0.288; adjusted R² = 0.269; F, p < .001), confirming that SSCM practices collectively influence organizational results but require balanced implementation. The study concludes that while procurement reforms have already yielded tangible benefits, operational sustainability must be strengthened through improved monitoring, accountability, and capacity building. It recommends embedding sustainability criteria and life-cycle costing into procurement, enhancing supplier verification, and establishing departmental dashboards to track energy, water, and waste metrics. Overall, the research affirms that institutionalizing SSCM within Kenya’s public sector can advance both performance efficiency and the broader national sustainability agenda

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 861-872
ISSN: 2311 7575

CAPACITY BUILDING BY BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS AND MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS’ GROWTH IN THE KENYAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR

Charles Karumba and Ms. Laura Nyaloti

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Business Associations, Capacity Building, Growth, Manufacturing Sector, Kenya

Capacity building emerged as the most influential factor for organizational growth. The research paper explores the effect of capacity-building initiatives by business associations such as the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) on the growth of member organizations within Kenya’s manufacturing sector. The research designs embraced a descriptive research design focusing on 534 member SMEs of KAM. Structured questionnaires were used to gather the primary data, which was assessed with help of multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between capacity-building programs and the growth of member organizations. The research concludes that association-led training and knowledge improvement programs enhance operational efficiency, innovation capability, and competitiveness of the members. It advises that business associations must make more investments into special trainings, mentorship, and collaboration with educational and technical institutions in order to reinforce the performance and longevity of the sector.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 873-884
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PLANT HEALTH INSPECTORATE SERVICES

Benson Utali and Mr. Brown Kitur

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Strategic management practices, performance, state corporations, Kenya

The study explored the effect of strategic management practices and performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to find out the effect of strategic goal setting on performance at KEPHIS, to determine the effect of resource allocation on performance at KEPHIS, to find out the effect of technology adoption on performance at KEPHIS, a n d to assess the effect of monitoring and evaluation on performance at KEPHIS. The study focused on the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), a state corporation mandated to regulate the quality of agricultural inputs and produce in Kenya, and sought to address challenges in service delivery, operational efficiency, and financial stability through strategic management practices. The main objective of the study was to analyze the role of strategic management practices in improving organizational performance at KEPHIS, while the specific objectives were to assess the effect of strategic goal-setting, resource allocation, technological adoption, and monitoring and evaluation frameworks on performance. The study was limited to KEPHIS employees, targeting a population of 160 and a sample size of 114 respondents. It adopted a descriptive research design and was anchored on the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Theory, and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Theory. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with results presented in tables. The findings revealed that well-defined strategic goals, transparent resource allocation, effective technological integration, and strong monitoring and evaluation systems significantly enhanced organizational efficiency, accountability, and service delivery. The study recommends that state corporations strengthen strategic goalsetting processes, promote transparent resource utilization, invest in modern technology and employee capacity building, and establish robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to foster accountability and continuous improvement. In addition, the study recommends that future research should explore the relationship between strategic management practices and organizational culture, as well as the role of leadership and innovation in enhancing performance within state corporations

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 885-905
ISSN: 2311 7575

SUCCESSION PLANNING STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PIPELINE COMPANY LIMITED

Kapsir Jepkoech Noela and Mr. Jared Osoro

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Succession Planning Strategy, Talent Identification & Development, Leadership Training, Organizational Performance

This study examined the effect of talent identification and development, as well as leadership training, on organizational performance. The target population consisted of 357 employees from the Nairobi Depot and Head Office, and a stratified random sample of 186 respondents was drawn from the Human Resources, Operations, Finance, Procurement, Legal, and Audit departments. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising both qualitative and quantitative items designed on a 5-point Likert scale to capture perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The instrument was pilot tested with 10% of the sample to ensure reliability, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (minimum threshold of 0.70), and validity through expert review. Data collection was conducted electronically via Google Forms, with strict adherence to ethical standards including informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and anonymity. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 28 through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to determine the strength and direction of relationships between the independent and dependent variables, while qualitative responses were analyzed thematically. The findings provided empirical evidence that succession planning strategies significantly enhance organizational performance. The correlation between talent development and organizational performance showed a moderate positive relationship, while the regression coefficient indicated that a unit increase in talent development led to a corresponding improvement in performance. Similarly, the correlation between leadership training and organizational performance revealed a strong positive relationship, and the regression results implied that a unit increase in leadership training resulted in a notable rise in performance. The study recommends that the organization strengthen its talent development initiatives through structured mentorship programs, leadership training, and regular talent reviews to promote leadership continuity, and further apply transparent career development and promotion policies to enhance employee motivation, ensure fairness, and sustain organizational effectiveness.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 906-918
ISSN: 2311 7575

MICROFINANCE SERVICES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN SELF-HELP GROUPS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF STANDARD WOMEN SELFHELP GROUP IN UASIN GISHU COUNT

Karen Chepngetich Mutai and Amos Agui

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: credit, financial empowerment, microfinance, savings, women entrepreneurs

This study examines the impact of microfinance services on the financial performance of women self-help groups in Kenya, specifically the Standard Women Self-Help Group in Langas Ward, Uasin Gishu County. Despite the expanding role of microfinance in empowering women entrepreneurs, limited research addresses the combined effects of credit, savings, training, and insurance in informal urban settings. The study’s sample consisted of 109 active women entrepreneurs selected through stratified random sampling from approximately 150 group members. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and focus group discussions, with instrument reliability confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.7. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics, regression, and ANOVA to evaluate outcomes including income growth, savings mobilization, loan repayment capacity, and business expansion. Findings indicate that microfinance training significantly improves financial performance, whereas credit, savings, and insurance positively but not significantly influence outcomes. The integrated microfinance services explain variations modestly, emphasizing the influence of socio-economic and contextual factors. Recommendations urge tailored microfinance strategies addressing informal settlement challenges, increased training and advisory services, streamlined loan processes, and enhanced awareness and accessibility of insurance products. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of integrated microfinance approaches with capacity-building components to foster sustainable economic empowerment among women self-help groups. These insights offer practical and policy guidance for microfinance institutions, development practitioners, and policymakers aiming to strengthen financial inclusion and resilience for women entrepreneurs in peri-urban Kenya

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 919-937
ISSN: 2311 7575

RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED ISLAMIC BANKS IN KENYA

Hafsa Mohammed Jamaa and Prof. Peter Kithae

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Risk Management, Financial Performance, Islamic Banks, Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, Kenya

This study investigates the effect of risk management practices on the financial performance of Islamic banks in Kenya, with a focus on credit, operational, liquidity, and compliance risk management. A descriptive research design was employed to collect data from Gulf African Bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, and Premier Bank. Using both primary and secondary data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, the study found that all four risk dimensions positively and significantly influence financial performance. Credit and liquidity risk management had the strongest impact. The study concludes that an integrated and Shariah-compliant risk management framework enhances profitability and stability in Islamic banks. It recommends that policymakers and practitioners strengthen credit evaluation, liquidity planning, and compliance governance to promote sustainable Islamic banking growth in Kenya.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 938-957
ISSN: 2311 7575

ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE INLAND TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PORTS AUTHORITY, MOMBASA

David Kerosi and Dr. Paul Machoka

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: E-auctioning, E-invoicing, E-procurement, E-tendering, Performance

The study looked at how the Kenya Ports Authority's (KPA) procurement performance was affected by electronic procurement methods. The increased demand for accountability, efficiency, and openness in public procurement within Kenya's inland transport sector served as the impetus for the study. The study's primary goal was to find out how electronic procurement procedures affect KPA's procurement performance. Its specific goals were to ascertain how e-tendering, e-auctioning, e-cataloguing, and einvoicing affect procurement outcomes. The Resource-Based View, Transaction Cost Economics, and the Technology Acceptance Model served as the study's guiding principles. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in a descriptive mixed-method design. Through organized surveys, document inspections, and interviews, information was gathered from 240 Kenya Ports Authority workers. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 was used to analyze the data, utilizing multiple regression analysis, correlation, and descriptive statistics. The study established that procurement inefficiencies, limited transparency, and high transaction costs affected organizational performance. The theoretical framework emphasized the influence of internal capabilities, transaction efficiency, and technology acceptance on procurement performance. The literature review revealed that electronic procurement enhances operational efficiency, accountability, and cost reduction within public institutions. The conceptual framework demonstrated the interrelationship link eprocurement procedures and procurement success, demonstrating how digital solutions can enhance institutional results. The population characteristics, sampling techniques, and data collection tools were all described in depth in the research design. Cronbach's alpha, expert evaluation, and pilot testing were used to verify validity and reliability. The ethical precepts of secrecy, anonymity, and informed consent were upheld. The findings revealed that the four e-procurement practices jointly explained 69.2% of the variation in procurement performance at KPA (R² = 0.692). Individually, e-tendering contributed 22.8%, e-auctioning 18.6%, e-cataloguing 15.4%, and e-invoicing 12.4% to procurement performance. The results further showed that procurement planning moderated these effects and emerged as the strongest predictor of performance outcomes. The adoption of e-procurement improved efficiency, enhanced transparency, and reduced transaction costs. Findings showed increased effectiveness, more openness, and decreased procurement costs resulting from the adoption of electronic procurement systems. The study concluded that improving staff competency, strengthening contract management, ensuring adequate resource allocation, and institutionalizing procurement planning enhance procurement performance. Recommendations included continuous capacity building, integration of risk management practices, and increased investment in ICT infrastructure to sustain e-procurement effectiveness. The research provided empirical evidence on the significance of electronic procurement practices in improving efficiency, cost control, and accountability within the Kenya Ports Authority. The study contributed to policy formulation, institutional development, and academic discourse on digital transformation in public procurement systems.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 958-970
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN KENYA: A CASE OF NAIROBI CITY COUNTY

Lilian Dianah Obuyi and Prof. Peter Kithae

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Marketing, digital marketing, social media, private hospitals

Private hospitals offer an alternative for those who sought services beyond what the public sector provided, often characterized by shorter wait times, more advanced facilities, and a wider range of services. The current study sought to investigate how digital marketing strategies affect performance of private hospitals in Nairobi City County. The study was anchored in the marketing mix theory. A sample of 96 employees was used. Data was collected using a selfadministered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Hospital performance was significantly positively correlated with digital marketing techniques (r = 0.578, p = 0.000). The study concluded that hospitals that regularly update their websites, actively engage on social media, and use digital tools to track patient interactions experience improved performance. Hospitals should therefore strengthen their digital marketing strategies by regularly updating their websites with relevant information on services, health tips, and promotions to enhance patient engagement.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 971-993
ISSN: 2311 7575

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE OF SMART CONTRACTS IN PROCUREMENT OPERATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY IN KENYA

Jemutai Komen and Mr. Tom Kawino

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Organization Performance, Procurement Operations, Export Processing Zones Authority, Corporate Transparency, Decentralization

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with diverse global applications beyond decentralized monetary transactions, extending into finance, governance, healthcare, and supply chain management. Despite its potential, the adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts continues to face challenges, including regulatory uncertainty, security vulnerabilities, and integration difficulties within established business models. This study examined the effect of blockchain technology on the performance of smart contracts in procurement operations at the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) in Kenya, focusing on corporate transparency and decentralization. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Transaction Cost Theory (TCT), the Resource-Based View (RBV), and the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, the research utilized structured digital questionnaires administered via Google Forms to a target population of 210 officers, including procurement, IT, finance, and compliance staff across EPZA’s Athi River, Mombasa, and Kisumu branches. Multiple regression analysis using SPSS v28 was conducted to determine the relationship between blockchain technology and smart contract performance. The findings revealed that decentralization positively influences procurement performance by reducing dependence on intermediaries and minimizing manipulation in contract approvals. The results further support the view that blockchain-driven smart contracts enhance procurement efficiency, lower operational costs, and improve process integrity. However, the study also identified persistent challenges such as limited technical expertise, inadequate digital infrastructure, and weak legal frameworks that hinder full-scale adoption across African contexts. It concludes that blockchain technology possesses significant transformative potential for procurement operations through enhanced automation, security, and transparency and recommends that policymakers, practitioners, and scholars collaborate to strengthen regulatory frameworks, build institutional capacity, and invest in digital infrastructure to unlock the full benefits of blockchain-based smart contracts in procurement and other sectors.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 994-1013
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REGULATORY AUTHORITY IN KENYA

Cheruiyot Jemutai Jackline and Mr. Tom Kawino

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: transformational leadership, transactional leadership, organizational performance, public procurement.

The influence of transformational and transactional styles of leadership on the performance of the organization PPRA (Public Procurement Regulatory Authority) in Kenya is investigated in this study. Based on Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory (1969) a descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized using data from 95 of 134 staff. Using the SPSS version 28 program for quantitative analysis, the study shows all leadership styles has significant positive correlations with performance. Regression analysis results show leadership styles explain 79.3% (R² = 793) of the performance variation. Transformational leaders exhibited positive leadership styles and behaviours that encouraged followers in some way. According to the findings hybrid leadership model will improve the efficiency, accountability, and innovation at the level of public regulatory institutions in Kenya. Unlike most organizational performance-promoting factors, leadership styles have a powerful

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1014-1031
ISSN: 2311 7575

ADDRESSING INEQUALITIES AND FOSTERING RESILIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES (African Renaissance: Disruptive Strategies for Sustainable Progress in Climate/Environmental Change, and its Inequalities)

Sanjeet Kumar Patnaik, Sayyed Mehboob Ur Rehman, and Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Inequalities, Resilience, Sustainable development, Ghana,

The report explores the imperative task of addressing inequalities and fostering resilience as keystones for sustainable development in Ghana and the rest of African countries. By dissecting the multifaceted dimensions of environmental protection, the report illuminates the intricate interplay of factors shaping the development landscape. Through a synthesis of prevailing research findings and existing policy frameworks, this proposes a roadmap for actionable strategies aimed at 1015obilizati resources and harnessing political and social networks to drive substantive progress. Central to the report’s narrative is the recognition of the pivotal role played by collaboration among governmental entities, civil society organisations, the private sector, and community representatives. Drawing on insights gleaned from empirical studies and practical experiences, the report underscores the significance of efficient resource allocation and coordinated efforts in facilitating the implementation of targeted action plans. At its core, the report advocates for a holistic approach to sustainable development, one that transcends traditional sectoral boundaries and embraces an integrated, collaborative ethos. By fostering inclusive dialogue, promoting knowledge exchange, and nurturing partnerships, the report envisions a future where sustainable development goals are not merely aspirational but attainable realities. In conclusion, this report serves as a call to action for all stakeholders invested in the pursuit of sustainable development in the region. It underscores the urgency of addressing entrenched inequalities and building resilience in the face of evolving challenges. Through collective action and shared commitment, Ghana and its African countries can forge a path towards a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable future.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1032-1060
ISSN: 2311 7575

MEDIATING ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON COVID19 CONTAINMENT MEASURES AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BEVERAGE ENTERPRISES IN ACCRA, GHANA.

Sanjeet Kumar Pattnaik and Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures, transformational leadership, Government of Ghana, Performance of SMEs, beverages manufacturing.

This study investigated the mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between COVID-19 pandemic containment measures and performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing sector in Accra, Ghana. The research adopted cross-sectional design and an exploratory design. A quantitative research approach was used to analysis empirical data collected. The study used self- administered research questionnaires as instruments for data collection. Primary data was relied upon to obtain the requisite data for analysis. The primary data was collected from a sample consisting of one hundred (100) respondents from a population of five hundred (500) leaders and Owner/CEOs of the selected SMEs using stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SmartPLS 3.0). The findings indicated that COVID-19 containment measures did not have a significant effect on performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing sector. COVID-19 containment measures significantly influence transformational leadership. Results showed that transformational leadership has a significant impact on performance of SMEs in beverage manufacturing. The results indicated that transformational leadership mediates the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1061-1078
ISSN: 2311 7575

DIGITAL GREEN REVOLUTION THROUGH RESILIENT LEADERSHIP Bridging Inequalities in Ghana and Kenya with Empirical Evidence from Household Surveys, Policy Frameworks, and Climate (A Comparative analysis between Ghana and Kenya

Sanjeet Kumar Pattnaik and Sayyed Mehboob Ur Rehman

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Digital Green Revolution, Leadership Resilience, Inequality Reduction, Sustainable Development, Ghana, Kenya, Climate–Economic Data

This paper examines how digital technologies and green entrepreneurship enhance household resilience in Ghana and Kenya between 2018 and 2024. Drawing on 640 household surveys, 30 key informant interviews, and national datasets, the study shows that households adopting mobile money, renewable energy, and digital agriculture tools reported 12–17% higher crop yields and faster post-shock recovery. Urban households enjoy greater access, but rural households show the largest relative gains when adoption occurs. Crucially, the findings reveal that resilience is not only technological but also institutional: where cooperatives, village leaders, and local finance systems supported adoption, recovery was faster and more inclusive. The study links these outcomes to SDG 7 (Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), but warns of persisting digital divides. Unlike earlier work that treats digital or green innovation in isolation, this study integrates them under a leadership-driven model of resilience. The results offer both a scholarly contribution— demonstrating how local leadership mediates technology impact—and a practical roadmap for policymakers and businesses seeking to close rural–urban gaps.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1079-1093
ISSN: 2311 7575

EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ON PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA: A CASE OF CAPWELL INDUSTRIES, THIKA

Harun Abdi Hassan and Mr. Leseiyo Moses

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ON PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA

The study focused on Capwell Industries Ltd. in Thika, Kenya, and investigated the effects of staff development initiatives on performance of manufacturing industry in the manufacturing industry. The study specifically aimed to assess the effects of career development, induction training, on-the-job training, and continuous professional learning on performance of manufacturing industry. 180 employees were chosen as the study population, and a descriptive research approach was used. The study was based on the resource-based view of the organization, experiential learning theory, and human capital theory. A stratified random sample of 90 respondents was chosen. Prior to data collection utilizing structured questionnaires, ten respondents from a comparable Thika manufacturing company took part in a pilot test to evaluate the validity and reliability of the instruments. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 31was used to examine the data. To investigate the connections between performance outcomes and staff development programs, descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and percentages were used in conjunction with inferential statistics. The results showed that Capwell Industries Ltd.'s performance of manufacturing industry was positively and significantly impacted by staff development techniques. Employee integration was enhanced by induction training, on-the-job training enhanced efficiency, career development increased motivation, and continuous professional development promoted adaptability and innovation. Collectively, these strategies contributed to higher productivity and operational effectiveness. The study concluded that staff development is a key driver of organizational success and recommended that manufacturing firms adopt integrated and continuous development programs to enhance employee capability and achieve sustainable performance outcomes.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1094-1115
ISSN: 2311 7575

EFFECT OF PARTNERSHIPS ON LOCALIZATION OF HUMANITARIAN AID IN KENYA: A SURVEY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN WAJIR COUNTY

Abdirizak Abdi Kontoma and Dr. Juster Gatumi Nyaga

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Humanitarian aid, localization, organizational performance, partnership, Wajir County

Humanitarian relief is the provision of lifesaving assistance to those in the need, including victims of conflicts and natural disasters. This has led to less productivity and less engagement of the affected community, negatively affecting their social and economic status. This study examines the effect of partnership on the localization of humanitarian aid of NGO in Wajir County. The findings will provide a critical examination of the relationship between creating partnerships and localization of humanitarian aid. The descriptive research design was adopted with a target population are 280 NGO operating in Wajir County and a sample of 85 respondents that were randomly selected from NGOs that participated in the study. The study used both secondary data and primary data were collected using questionnaires. The questionnaires were piloted to test the validity and reliability prior to actual data collection. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Correlation and linear regression). SPSS version 24.0 was used to aid analysis. Out of the 85- questionnaire administered, 78 were filled and submitted back for analysis. The aggregate mean of 3.76 and standard deviation of 0.871 was recorded on indicators used to measure the partnerships. High values of mean indicated high weights respondents gave in relation to indicators and low values of standard deviation indicated same opinion by respondents in relation to the statements given. This was the same scenario on descriptive statistics of localization of the Humanitarian aid which had aggregate mean of 3.97 and standard deviation of 0.295. Pearsons correlation between partnership and localization of the Humanitarian aid was (r=0.717; p= 0.000) indicating high positive correlation. The model summary indctaed that 51.4% of variation in localization of the Humanitarian aid can be explained by the partnerships created. ANOVA results gave a F-value of 20.617; p=0.000, indicating that partnerships is a significant predictor of localization of the Humanitarian aid. The regression coefficient of 0.459 indicated that a unit increase in partnerships would increase localization of the Humanitarian aid by 0.459 and this was statistically significant. The study conclude that partnerships determine localization of humanitarian aid of NGO in Wajir County.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1116-1137
ISSN: 2311 7575

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED FIRMS IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE IN KENYA

Musyoka Mbinya and Mr. Jared Osoro

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Governance Structures, Organizational Performance, Firms Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Board Composition, Audit Committee Composition

The study investigated how governance structures influence the organizational performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), focusing on board composition and audit committee composition within the theoretical lenses of Agency, Stakeholder, and Stewardship theories. Using a descriptive research design and primary data collected from 138 respondents drawn from a target population of 210 employees, the study applied multiple regression analysis in SPSS (version 28), with validity confirmed through content and face assessment and reliability verified using Cronbach’s alpha (≥0.70). Findings revealed that governance mechanisms significantly affect firm performance individually and collectively, with audit committee composition (β = 0.315) exerting the strongest impact, followed by board diversity (β = 0.193), highlighting the value of specialized oversight, diversity, and independent monitoring. The results reinforce the importance of accountability, transparency, and ESG principles as articulated in the guiding theories. Policy recommendations call for the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) and NSE to enhance governance guidelines through mandated gender and expertise diversity, stronger board independence, ESG disclosure requirements, and routine governance audits. Managerially, firms are encouraged to strengthen board capacity, implement succession planning, provide continuous training, establish specialized audit committees, and conduct annual board evaluations to ensure strategic alignment. The study further recommends future research on governance effects on non-financial performance, comparative studies within the East African region, and longitudinal designs to assess the long-term impact of governance reforms on firm sustainability and performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1138-1154
ISSN: 2311 7575

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Pamela Munangwi and Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: strategic management practices, performance, aviation, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

This paper explores how strategic management practices determine the performance of organizations at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), in particular, goal setting and resource management. JKIA, being a large regional aviation center, is in a challenging and competitive environment, where resource leveraging and strategic focus are critical to the success of its operations. The use of the goal-setting theory and the resource-based view underpinned the study with the descriptive research design and gathered quantitative information, including 91 employees operating in major aviation institutions in JKIA, namely the Kenya Airports Authority, Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, Kenya Airways, and the Kenya Bureau of Standards. The data were studied with the help of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression methods. The outcome is that participatory goal setting is a significant approach in improving performance in an organization through the promotion of clarity, coordination, and motivation of the employees. Resource management was also established to be a good predictor of performance, especially by means of good allocation of financial, human, and technological resources. The two variables used together accounted for a significant percentage of performance variation at JKIA. The research suggests the institutionalization of participatory goal-setting frameworks, the reinforcement of resource optimization strategies, such as digital investment and staff capacity building. Future studies ought to take into consideration more of the moderating variables which include leadership style and innovation capability

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1155-1174
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY CORPORATION IN KENYA

Samatar Siyat Osman and Mr. Brown Kitur

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY CORPORATION IN KENYA

This study's main objective was to examine the relationship between various leadership styles and employee productivity at Kenya's Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Corporation (REREC). The research intended to evaluate the effect of transformational leadership styles on employee output at REREC, utilizing four leadership approaches: situational, participative, transformational, and transactional leadership. The research was structured around three theories: the path-goal theory, situational leadership as proposed by Hersey and Blanchard, and Keller's ARCS model of motivation. A descriptive survey methodology was employed. The study involved 199 participants from the Finance, Human Resources, Operations, Technical Services, Planning, and Procurement divisions at REREC's headquarters in Nairobi County, as well as interviews with six top managers from these divisions. A census sampling approach was used to select all 199 respondents. Both closed- and open-ended surveys were utilized, and SPSS version 26 software was used for quantitative analysis. The investigation determined that transformational leadership exhibited the highest positive correlation with employee performance (r = 0.75) and was the most significant predictor (β = 0.45, p < 0.01). Participative (r = 0.72) and situational (r = 0.70) leadership styles also demonstrated strong positive impacts on performance. Transactional leadership had a moderate correlation (r = 0.68) and was effective in structured environments but less impactful for driving long-term innovation and satisfaction. The study concluded that integrating multiple leadership approaches tailored to organizational contexts is crucial for maximizing employee performance. Transformational leadership, fostering motivation and engagement, emerged as the most effective style at REREC. Recommendations included implementing leadership development programs, enhancing employee engagement strategies, adopting data-driven leadership approaches, and continuously adapting leadership models to align with evolving workplace trends.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1175-1214
ISSN: 2311 7575

CLOUD SERVICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA

Benard Rutto and Dr. James Mwikya

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Cloud Services, Resource Utilization, Organizational Performance, Resource Based Theory, Kenya

Universities are key sources of knowledge and serve as important channels for disseminating information through teaching, training, research, and community engagement. To remain competitive and fulfill their mission and vision, universities need to adopt enabling technologies such as cloud computing. This study aimed to examine how cloud-computing services influence organizational performance, focusing on private universities, with a case study of the Management University of Africa (MUA). The specific objective in the research is to assess the effect of cloud services adoption, the influence of cost efficiency. The research utilized the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the relationships among cloud service adoption and organizational performance, while inferential statistics were applied to draw conclusions and generalizations. The results revealed that both cloud service adoption and cost efficiency had a strong positive influence on performance, with correlation coefficients of 0.929 and 0.934, respectively. The overall model explained approximately 89% of the variation in performance, underscoring cloud computing and cost management as critical drivers of success. The study concludes that private universities can significantly enhance their performance by effectively leveraging cloud services and managing costs efficiently, while also optimizing the use of time, personnel, and other resources. Recommendations include improving system integration, involving more staff in budgeting processes, and using data-driven approaches for decision-making. Future research should expand the scope to include more universities and consider qualitative methods such as interviews or focus groups for deeper insights.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1188-1214
ISSN: 2311 7575

PROCUREMENT PRACTICES ADOPTED AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN KENYA: A CASE OF SELECTED HOTELS IN NAROK TOWN

Gerald Lemalon Nkere and Dr. Paul Machoka

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Supplier diversity, performance, Narok, County, hospitality industry

Public procurement has attracted a lot of scholarly work in the recent past and particularly after the covid 19 pandemic. Majority of the firms in the hospitality sector suffered a lot of losses following the lockdowns and lack of customer contact during and after the pandemic. To date most of the hospitality firms are still faced with a lot of challenges following stringent rules and regulations put in place following the effect of covid 19 pandemic. This calls for further studies to fill the theoretical and practical gaps that exists in the literature. The purpose of this study therefore was to assess the effect of public procurement practices adopted after the pandemic on performance of firms in the hospitality industry in Kenya with a focus on selected hostels in Narok County. Institutional theory and resourcebased view underpinned the study. A descriptive survey design was used for the investigation. The study targeted a population of 30 Managers and over 950 staff in the hotel industry in Narok Town. Data was collected from the management and suppliers of the chosen hotels using a structured questionnaire. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the research tools, a pilot study was conducted. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were used to examine the data. The frequency, percentage, averages, and variances were calculated for descriptive statistics. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 28 and MS Excel software. The study established that supplier diversity had a significant effect on performance of hospitality firms in Narok County. The study concluded that procurement practices adopted by firms in the hospitality sector had a statistically significant effect on the performance of the Hospitality sector. The study concluded that to enhance performance, hospitality companies should implement the most effective supplier diversification initiatives. Further research ought to be done to examine how firms in other sectors of the economy have dealt with post-COVID-19 challenges and the effect it has had on performance.

International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies
2025; 5(i): 1214-1237
ISSN: 2311 7575

LEVERAGING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MANUFACTURING: A CASE OF TANZANIA BREWERIES LIMITED (TBL) PRODUCTION, TANZANIA

Johnstone Lulahobotse Japhet

Published: 01 December, 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: i

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Organisational Development, TOE Framework, AI Adoption, Manufacturing, Tanzania Breweries Limited.

This research paper examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to improve the organisational development of the Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) production in Tanzania. The study particularly looks at the role of technology, organisation, and environment in the adoption of AI and the resulting effects on the efficiency of operations, working capacity, and the resulting innovation. The research is based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, which makes it a welldeveloped theoretical foundation to comprehend the use of AI in the manufacturing setting. The quantitative research design was used, and the goal was 450 employees working in the TBL production departments. The sample size was calculated using the Yamane formula, and primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. The collected data were also compared through the summated index, descriptive statistics, and hypothesis tests to assess the association between variables and find out the mediating value of AI adoption. The results indicate that AI is significantly adopted in response to technological readiness, such as system maturity, compatibility, and ease of use. The environmental factors, including regulatory compliance, competition in the market, and industry support, have a moderate impact on the adoption decisions, whereas the type of organisational factors, including leadership support, workforce skills, culture of innovation, and resource allocation, have a critical effect on the adoption decisions. The adoption of AI is a mediating variable which converts the elements of readiness into quantifiable operational efficiency, capacity of the workforce, and improved innovation outcomes. The research arrives at the conclusion that successful AI implementation is a multi-faceted process that involves investments in technologies, the ability of organisations to develop, and adaptability to environmental factors. The findings are relevant to the theory due to their support of the TOE framework in the Tanzanian manufacturing environment and practical information to practitioners who want to use AI to improve their operations and strategies. The policy implication is clarity of the regulations, industry-supportive programs, and easy access to technical expertise to make AI adoption easy. Lastly, the paper gives future research for studies such as longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of AI and investigations into newer technologies like the IoT and machine learning in improving organisational development.