Climate change is presenting severe environmental and socio-economic challenges for rural people in sub-Saharan Africa; however, livelihood-specific environmental exposures often are overlooked in conventional vulnerability assessments because households are grouped in administrative units. This study examined the environmental and socio-demographic factors influencing climate vulnerability of smallholder agriculture households, artisanal fishing households and artisanal gold mining households in Migori County, Kenya. The study used a desktop design, reviewing secondary data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2022), Kenya population and housing census (2019), Migori County integrated development plans (2018-2022;2023-2027), CHIRPS rainfall data, Lake Victoria fisheries organisations reports, and literature review. Livelihood vulnerability index-IPCC (LVI-IPCC) was used to assess households' vulnerability to climate change. The study clearly revealed the existence of livelihood-specific factors in the climate vulnerability of these households. The result indicates that fishing households were the most vulnerable (0.008), followed by the mining households (-0.003), whereas agriculture households were the least vulnerable (-0.047). Fishing households were vulnerable due to the degraded ecosystem of the lake, insecurity of food and water, high dependency ratios, female headed households, and low level of education. Mining households' vulnerability was influenced by variability of hydrology, environmental health hazards attributed to mercury, weak tenure security, and weak social connections. Agricultural livelihoods were least vulnerable due to a high level of institutional support and easier access to Information despite dependence of agriculture on rainfall. These socio-demographic patterns point to an institutional leadership gap: county climate governance structures currently reach agricultural households more effectively than fishing and mining households, and closing this gap requires leadership and coordination capacity to extend information, tenure, and adaptation support to these structurally excluded groups, and not livelihood-specific technical interventions alone.