Research and interest on terrorism has increased several folds in the last few decades in many countries. Terrorism is known to have a significant effect on security and socio economic performance of many countries across the globe. This paper investigates the role of radicalization and recruitment of individuals into terror groups and terrorist activities. The paper uses theoretical analysis approach to examine secondary paper obtained from various secondary sources globally. The review uses qualitative methods comprised mainly of content analysis to identify mentions of relevant terms as the main method. It then proposes possible prevention measures in the Kenya and Somalia context. The analysis has established that terrorism is a global phenomenon and has intensified especially since the emergence of terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, Al Shabab, and Islamic State. This paper shows that Al Shabab and Al Qaeda members including Kenyans have participated in several terrorist attacks globally. The paper finds that terrorist radicalization and recruitment mostly targets the youth through indoctrination based on extreme ideology, brainwashing; and rejection of status quo, freedom of expression, and modern ideas. A key finding is that contrary to belief linking terrorism to religion and ethnicity, empirical evidence indicates that economic circumstances top the list for individuals joining terrorist groups. The study concludes that radicalization and recruitment has increased tremendously in the recent past two decades. The study recommends that Kenya and Somalia governments should intensify credible intelligence gathering and response, build trust among ordinary citizens, improve on counter-intelligence, set up proper systems for de-radicalizing and resettling youth disengaging from terrorist activities, and institute measures for establishing livelihood engagements for all youth. The study also suggests that governments should deal with radicalization at grassroots level by including its causes, effects, and prevention in social studies starting from primary school level.Key Words: Al Shabab, Prevention, Radicalization, Recruitment, TerrorisResearch and interest on terrorism has increased several folds in the last few decades in many countries. Terrorism is known to have a significant effect on security and socio economic performance of many countries across the globe. This paper investigates the role of radicalization and recruitment of individuals into terror groups and terrorist activities. The paper uses theoretical analysis approach to examine secondary paper obtained from various secondary sources globally. The review uses qualitative methods comprised mainly of content analysis to identify mentions of relevant terms as the main method. It then proposes possible prevention measures in the Kenya and Somalia context. The analysis has established that terrorism is a global phenomenon and has intensified especially since the emergence of terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, Al Shabab, and Islamic State. This paper shows that Al Shabab and Al Qaeda members including Kenyans have participated in several terrorist attacks globally. The paper finds that terrorist radicalization and recruitment mostly targets the youth through indoctrination based on extreme ideology, brain washing; and rejection of status quo, freedom of expression, and modern ideas. A key finding is that contrary to belief linking terrorism to religion and ethnicity, empirical evidence indicates that economic circumstances top the list for individuals joining terrorist groups. The study concludes that radicalization and recruitment has increased tremendously in the recent past two decades. The study recommends that Kenya and Somalia governments should intensify credible intelligence gathering and response, build trust among ordinary citizens, improve on counter-intelligence, set up proper systems for de-radicalizing and resettling youth disengaging from terrorist activities, and institute measures for establishing livelihood engagements for all youth. The study also suggests that governments should deal with radicalization at grassroots level by including its causes, effects, and prevention in social studies starting from primary school level

As indigenous and native people of post-colonial societies worldwide continue to lag socio-economically throughout the world, a historical look at some of the root causes necessary for leaders to comprehend issues that they are facing. The search for explanations requires a focus on the sickness of inner warring and conflict that expands outward from within small family units to clans and tribes. This sickness as much a symptom of the greater problem of colonial history as it is a problem unto itself. So, it is important to review and understand the causes in order to tackle the problem, and to learn from different experiences. The first peoples of the Americas have a long history of oppression that helps to explain much of what happened in the areas that were colonized later. This paper will compare some of the shared historical challenges and post-colonial trauma of North America and East Africa and investigate positive paths to build peaceful and prosperous societies.

ICT is the engine of growth in every country, especially in young economies that are now growing. These economies are currently equipping their citizens with knowledge in information technology since it is the fastest way to good governance in the emerging information economies globally. However, integration and use of ICT is affected by many factors. The study used cross sectional survey with a sample of 118 employees from Machakos County collected primary data using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, correlation and aggregation data collection methods were used in the study. From the study, it was found that ICT infrastructure and staff competence both have significant influence the integration and the use ICT in the management of county government of Machakos. Thus, the study concludes that ICT infrastructure and staff competence are important factors that the county should address with regards to the incorporation and the use of information and communication technologies. The study recommends investment to upgrade the infrastructure and training of staff to improve delivery of service by the county governments

Women entrepreneurs’ access to finance services is crucial to the economic development and growth in a particular area. They need to have access to financial services to make their work easier regarding saving, investing and even insuring their businesses against disasters like the fire that can lead to many losses. Accessing financial services improves the living standards and reduces the economic dependency of individuals, families and even groups. It is a fundamental aspect towards poverty reduction and development of a particular area since it opens up employment opportunities, attracts both local and foreign investors, leads to the development of infrastructure and economic growth. The study aimed at exploring the factors affecting women entrepreneurs’ access to financial services in Migori County, West Sakwa ward. Given that their financial access restricted regarding options available, there are few m-past shops, one Equity bank agent and KCB mtaani agent, all owned by one person worsening the situation in case the owner has an emergency to attend to or is not around. Determination of the effects of financial exclusion and effects of economic illiteracy on women entrepreneurs’ access to financial services in Migori County, West Sakwa ward were the specific objectives. The study usedrandom sampling method and 378 female entrepreneurs of Migori County, West Sakwa ward as the appropriate sample size. The study adopted descriptive design. The study was conducted in West Sakwa ward, Migori County. Data collection was done by using questionnaires; SPSS was used to analyze the data collected. The analyzed data was submitted in various forms; charts, graphs, and tables. The major findings of the studyestablished that culture is the greatest barriers to access to financial services for the womenentrepreneurs, small levels of education has had a great impact on their access to financial services, more than half of the respondents only have the primary school education.

The major objective of this paperisto bring togethertwowaysofthinkinginorderto create a decision-making framework for developing practicalsolutionsto complex issues.In one bracket o fthe framework,Ludwigvon Bertalanffy’s general systems theory provides away to gain anunderstandingforthemacro-context ofasociety.Simultaneously,PauloFreire’s ideas onempowering individualsthrough liberationliteracy programs allowsforindividuals atthegrassrootstogainthenecessarytoolstocriticallyengagetheirsurroundingssocially, politicallyandeconomically.Thispaperisderivedfromalarger qualitative casestudy.The methodology and design allowed freedom and access to explore abstract ideas hoping to reveal important understandings about how socio-economic institutions can work together. This paper is basically a literature review and analysis of Japan’s current state of affairs with a focus on the challenges of building a globally competent workforce for the future. In this paper, as well asthe larger study, the case of Japan is used to illustrate and maketangible various ideas, concepts, and recommendations. Although the context is Japan the recommendations can be a model for other nations. This aligns with the main findings, which are that greater cooperation between government, academia, and business, in the Japanese context, need to be fostered while empowering local actors to be more critically engaged in developing solutions to societies challenges. Also, furtherstudy of these socio-economic institutions needs to be done because of their complex operational realities.

Coffee farming in Kenya has faced numerous challenges over time ranging from land ownership to access to information, cultural beliefs and collateral challenges to acquisition of bank credit. This study aims to establish the determinants of choice of finance by coffee farmers in Machakos County Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive approach which utilized both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The study used questionnaires to collect data from a sample of ninety-six (96) respondents. Multiple regression analysis was undertaken to test the relationship between the independent variable (collateral, interest rates, bureaucracy and accessibility to financial institutions) and the dependent variable (choice of finance). The findings indicate that R is 0.726, R2 is 0.527 and adjusted R2 is 0.5905. ANOVA of the data showed that F calculated is greater than F critical (26.361>2.49), indicating that the overall model was reliable in predicting the relationship between the independent variable (collateral, interest rates, bureaucracy and accessibility to financial institutions) and the dependent variable (choice of finance).The study concludes that there was a statistically significant association between collateral, interest rates, bureaucracy and accessibility to financial institutions and selection of funding as the p values 0.039, 0.001, 0.015, 0.011 and 0.018 are less than 0.05 at 5% level of significance. The study recommends that government and financial institutions, as well as other lending institutions, should consider coming up with policies and procedures geared towards catering for specific credit needs of farmers.

This paper presents literature review on sustaining competitiveness in public universities in Kenya. The overall objective of the study is to establish the effect of transformational leadership style on internal marketing in addressing the challenge of sustaining competitiveness in public universities in Kenya. The study involved desk research of peer reviewed journal articles and texts on leadership styles, transformational leadership, internal marketing and their relationships to competitiveness of public universities in Kenya. Content analysis which involved categorization of the subject in thematic areas for reviewandpresentationwasused. Literaturereviewrevealedthatindeedcompetitiveness is bound to depend to a large extent on attracting competitive resource people, attractive courses, and attractive collaborations, sustainable programme funding and profitable operations. Thestudyrecommendstransformationalleadershipasaleadershipstylewhich inspires and motivates followers to achieve key competencies for the competitiveness of universities.