The ability to thrive in the face of organizational change is, in fact, a common challenge for leaders in organisations. The way changes recipients respond is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in determining how well any organizational change succeeds. An organisation must constantly change to keep up with industry changes if it wants to remain competitive. If the current leadership is not performing well, changing leadership is required. However, there aren't many studies that back up this assertion. This has necessitated a study on the applicability of change management and leadership in organisations that have merged or been acquired. Examining the value of change management and leadership in mergers and acquisitions with an emphasis on Ghana's banking industry is the aim of this study. Consolidated Bank Ghana data was extracted and analysed using a descriptive survey design. Profitability as a metric for two (2) years of organizational performance was extracted from the bank's records. The quantitative method was the research strategy used for this investigation. According to the study's findings, organizational performance in the banking industry with regard to mergers and acquisitions is influenced by both change management and leadership in a number of ways. Practically speaking, this study suggests that new banks focus mostly on change management and leadership. To align with the emerging external and internal pressures, these banks' leadership must embrace a transformational approach that facilitates change

This study investigated the strategic impediments to mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Ghana's oil marketing sector. Using a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, data was collected from 255 oil marketing companies (OMCs) through a survey. The results indicate that regulatory complexity significantly impedes M&A activities, while legal uncertainty does not have a significant impact. Economic stability and financial health positively influence the likelihood of successful M&A, but access to capital exhibits a surprising negative relationship. Neither strategic alignment nor organizational readiness significantly predicts M&A success. However, market fragmentation and competitive intensity strongly influence the feasibility of consolidation efforts. Robustness checks confirm the reliability of the findings. The study highlights the importance of regulatory frameworks, economic conditions, and market dynamics in shaping M&A outcomes and provides practical insights for stakeholders in the oil marketing sector. Policymakers are encouraged to streamline regulatory processes to facilitate smoother M&A transactions, ultimately fostering industry growth and competitiveness.

This study investigates how leadership qualities; proxied by education, entrepreneurial experience, and proactive decision-making; shape the performance and resilience of household enterprises in Ghana. Using panel data from the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (2009–2019), we examine how access to finance, exposure to economic shocks, and spatial context moderate these relationships. Fixed-effects and logistic regression models reveal that education and experience enhance profitability, while proactivity supports survival in specific contexts. Credit access demonstrates conditional effects: susu strengthens the benefits of education, informal credit supports survival but dampens leadership advantages, and digital loans yield inconsistent outcomes. Shocks weaken profitability but not survival, with experienced entrepreneurs showing adaptive capacity. Urban enterprises survive more often, yet proactive strategies in competitive urban markets yield limited returns. These findings highlight the conditional nature of leadership and underscore the need for context-sensitive, shock-responsive, and spatially differentiated enterprise support.

Research has revealed that Kenya's Commercial State Corporations continue to perform significantly worse, with their collective financial losses substantially exceeding projections. This deteriorating performance indicates a serious financial crisis in these state-owned enterprises. If this trend continues unchecked, it poses a major threat to Kenya's ability to achieve its long-term national development goals as outlined in Vision 2030. The objective of this study was to establish the moderating effect of government regulations on the relationship between integrative leadership style and organizational performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Utilising the Full Range Leadership Model, Theory of Public Interest Regulation and Resource-Based View Theory (RBV), the research implemented a cross-sectional survey design, gathering data from top management teams of all 52 commercial state corporations in Kenya via purposive sampling, while adhering rigorously to ethical standards during data analysis. The regression analysis showed a strong relationship (R = 0.748), with 55.9% of organizational performance explained by integrative leadership and government regulations. Both integrative leadership (β = 0.602, p < 0.001) and government regulations (β = 0.198, p < 0.001) were significant positive predictors of performance. The addition of an interaction term revealed a significant moderating effect (β = 0.113, p < 0.001), indicating that government regulations enhance the positive impact of integrative leadership on performance. This means that stronger regulatory frameworks amplify the effectiveness of integrative leadership, demonstrating that regulations act as a facilitator rather than a barrier. The study recommends that leaders in commercial state corporations adopt adaptive leadership strategies aligned with the regulatory environment to enhance organizational performance. By fostering a culture of compliance and ethical conduct in line with legal requirements, leaders can amplify the positive impact of their practices. Proactive engagement with regulatory bodies helps leaders stay informed about policy changes and integrate them into strategic decision-making. This responsiveness not only improves performance but also strengthens accountability and legitimacy. Ultimately, aligning leadership approaches with government regulations enables sustained success and better navigation of complex operational landscapes

State businesses are essential to Kenya's Vision 2030, which seeks industrialisation and enhanced quality of life. Recent statistics from the Kenya National Treasury reveal subpar performance, characterised by substantial cumulative losses in the 2021/2022 financial year. The objective of this stud was to establish the relationship between integrative leadership style and organizational performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Utilising the Full Range Leadership Model and Resource-Based View Theory (RBV), the research implemented a cross-sectional survey design, gathering data from top management teams of all 52 commercial state corporations in Kenya via purposive sampling, while adhering rigorously to ethical standards during data analysis. The study results revealed that the Pearson correlation coefficient between integrative leadership style and organizational performance was R = -0.730, with a significance level (p-value) of 0.000. This robust positive connection signifies that an increase in integrative leadership style is associated with a substantial improvement in organizational effectiveness. The R Square value was 0.533, indicating that about 53.3% of the variation in organizational performance is attributable to the integrative leadership style. This conclusion underscores the significance of a successful integrative leadership style in improving several facets of organizational performance, reinforcing the notion that leadership styles promoting cooperation and employee engagement provide superior results. The study recommends that commercial state corporations in Kenya prioritise and invest in the development of integrative leadership style initiatives. Considering the favourable view and considerable influence of integrative leadership on organizational performance, training programs should specifically emphasise the enhancement of leaders' skills in staff development, promoting ethical conduct, and instilling confidence in subordinates.

Public institutions in Kenya continue to face challenges in achieving successful project implementation, largely due to the influence of organizational culture. This study examined how organizational culture affects project performance at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) in Nairobi. Specifically, it assessed the effects of decision-making processes and ethical standards on project outcomes. The study was anchored on Schein’s Model of OrganizationalCulture, Denison’s Model, and the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. A descriptive research design was employed, with a census sampling approach involving 30 respondents drawn from a target population of 40 staff members. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses. The findings revealed a positive relationship between organizational culture dimensions and project performance. The study concludes that participatory decision-making and adherence to ethical practices significantly enhance project outcomes. It recommends that KALRO strengthen these cultural aspects to improve operational efficiency and promote sustainable project performance in public institutions.

This paper examined the role of coaching as a strategic tool for improving employee performance in devolved government systems, focusing on the County Government of Murang’a. Globally, coaching has emerged as a strategic human resource development approach that enhances employee self-awareness, skills, and goal attainment. However, in Kenya’s devolved governments, limited empirical evidence exists on how structured coaching influences performance outcomes. The research adopted a descriptive research design to assess the nature and impact of coaching practices on employee performance. The target population comprised 1,022 management-level county employees, from which a sample of 287 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 20, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeding 0.7. Findings revealed that coaching had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with employee performance (r = 0.753, p < 0.05) and accounted for 56.7% of performance variation (R² = 0.567). Coaching was found to enhance job satisfaction, skills development, teamwork, and goal achievement among county employees. The results supported Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory, demonstrating that guided learning and feedback improve self-efficacy and organizational effectiveness. The study recommends institutionalizing coaching within county performance management frameworks, training supervisors as workplace coaches, and allocating resources for continuous coaching programs. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to explore the long-term impact of coaching on performance and examine its interaction with other learning mechanisms such as mentoring and peer learning.

This study investigates the moderating role of government intervention in the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and the organizational performance of beverage manufacturing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Accra, Ghana. This study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory (ST). Drawing on a cross-sectional survey of 500 SME leaders, the study employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test hypothesised relationships. The results reveal a statistically significant positive impact of containment measures on the performance of beverage manufacturing SMEs in Accra, Ghana. Furthermore, government intervention significantly moderates this relationship, enhancing the effectiveness of COVID-19 containment strategies in maintaining operational performance. These findings suggest that government support is crucial in mitigating the adverse economic effects of pandemics on SMEs. The study offers practical implications for policy formulation, highlighting the need for responsive and well-targeted government assistance during public health crises.

This study examined the effect of personal, media, digital, and corporate branding strategies on the marketability of track and field athletes in selected Kenyan athletics camps, addressing their failure to benefit from effective branding despite exemplary global performance. Guided by the Athlete Brand Image theory, supported by the Social Exchange and Excellence theories, the descriptive research design targeted 1013 athletes across five North Rift camps. Data were collected from a sample of 287 athletes plus 10 coaches and managers (n=297) via questionnaires and interviews, achieving a sufficient 71% response rate. Data analysis established that all four branding strategies significantly impact marketability. Media branding demonstrated the most substantial effect, followed by corporate branding. Personal and digital branding also showed significant correlations. The study concluded that media branding is pivotal for enhancing visibility, reputation, and sponsor interest. The study recommended that athletes should focus on building an authentic personal brand by actively engaging fans through storytelling and social media. Critically, athletes should strategically use media platforms, like Instagram and Twitter, to boost visibility and reputation, and should leverage digital engagement platforms and influencer marketing to attract sponsors and enhance visibility. Developing robust corporate partnerships and sponsorships is also essential. Future studies should focus on comparative analyses of branding effectiveness between different athletic hubs in Kenya.

This study examined how technological infrastructure influences employee productivity, particularly in a post-pandemic context where remote work has become increasingly prevalent. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and the Resource-Based View theory, the study explored the extent to which access to digital tools, internet connectivity, IT support, and user competence contribute to employee performance outcomes. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population comprised 123 employees, from which a sample of 94 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression, and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that technological infrastructure had a significant positive relationship with employee productivity (R² = 0.502, p < 0.001), indicating that improvements in digital capacity explained about 50.2% of variations in productivity levels among remote workers. Respondents reported high satisfaction with the availability of software tools, system reliability, and IT support responsiveness, which collectively enhanced timeliness, task completion, and output quality. Qualitative findings further supported these results, emphasizing that digital infrastructure promotes communication efficiency, accountability, and innovation within remote teams. However, some challenges, such as inconsistent connectivity and over-monitoring through digital tools, were noted as potential productivity constraints. The study concluded that robust technological infrastructure is critical for sustaining productivity in remote working environments. Kinde Engineering Works’ investment in modern digital systems and employee training has contributed significantly to maintaining performance consistency despite geographical dispersion. The study recommends continued infrastructure upgrades, capacity-building initiatives, and balanced remote work policies that integrate flexibility with effective supervision. These insights extend beyond Kinde Engineering Works, offering practical implications for other firms in Kenya’s ISP and engineering sectors seeking to optimize performance under digital and hybrid work models.

The airline industry is increasingly adopting digital transformation to enhance competitiveness, improve operational efficiency, and enrich customer experiences. This study investigated the effect of digital transformation initiatives on competitive advantage in the airline industry, focusing on Kenya Airways. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research adopted a mixed-methods design with a census survey of 180 employees drawn from operations, customer service, information technology, marketing, and corporate affairs departments. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, validated through expert review and pilot testing, and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The results showed that digital transformation had the strongest and most significant influence on competitive advantage (r = 0.748, p < 0.01; β = 0.328, p < 0.001). Adoption of mobile and web platforms, automation of service delivery, AI/chatbots use, and digital engagement metrics were positively linked to operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and brand positioning. The findings align with global evidence that digital tools transform customer engagement and efficiency in the aviation sector. The study concludes that digital transformation is a strategic lever for competitive positioning in Kenya’s aviation industry and recommends that Kenya Airways strengthen investments in automation, user-friendly platforms, staff digital training, and AI-powered solutions.

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between strategic planning and performance of NGOs in Machakos County, with a case study of Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies. The study’s anchor theory was Ansoff’s Strategic Performance Theory, supported by Resource-Based View Theory and Stakeholder Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design, with a target population of 200 respondents drawn from Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies in Machakos. A sample size of 133 respondents was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study results showed that the implementation of strategic planning significantly impacts the performance of NGOs. Regression analysis results showed a correlation coefficient of (R = 0.737), suggesting a strong positive relationship between strategic planning and NGO performance. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.543, indicating that changes in strategic planning account for 54.3% of the variance in NGO performance. The study concludes that there is a substantial correlation between NGOs' performance and strategic planning hence improving it will result to positive performance. The study recommends that MEDS's management and board of directors should continue designing and adopting policies, rules, processes, governing structures, and strategic plans in line with their objectives.

The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor project design, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project design influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and ResourceBased View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling in Olchoronyori and Oloirien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Project design significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through an integrated project design and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.

This study examines the impact of brand positioning on the financial performance of coworking spaces in Kenya, focusing on Nairobi Garage as a case study. Employing a descriptive and inferential research design, the study collected data from 56 employees across five Nairobi Garage branches. Findings reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between brand positioning and financial outcomes, with brand positioning accounting for 68.7% of the variation in financial performance. Key factors such as service quality, consistent brand messaging, and value communication were shown to influence revenue growth, customer retention, and profitability. However, moderate scores in brand differentiation highlight the need for clearer market distinction. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and Balanced Scorecard theories, the research offers practical implications for coworking space managers, policymakers, and investors aiming to enhance brand strategy and financial sustainability. The study recommends refining value propositions, ensuring consistent branding, and aligning branding with customer expectations to improve competitiveness.

Performance Management System (PMS) is a critical tool for monitoring and evaluating employee performance against organizational objectives in both public and private sectors. Despite its adoption, limited research exists on its direct impact on organizational effectiveness. This study investigated the influence of PMS on organizational effectiveness at the Teachers Service Commission (TSC), focusing on performance planning, monitoring, rating, and development. The study was guided by goal-setting theory, expectancy theory, and learning curve theory. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 375 Secretariat Staff at TSC Headquarters. Using stratified random sampling, 30% of the population was selected, yielding a sample size of 113. Data was collected through questionnaires whose reliability and validity were confirmed. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22, applying descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regression). Findings revealed that performance planning (r=0.506, β=0.225, p<0.05), performance monitoring (r=0.831, β=0.136, p<0.05), performance rating (r=0.961, β=0.431, p<0.05), and performance development (r=0.693, β=0.105, p<0.05) all had positive and statistically significant effects on organizational effectiveness. Among these, performance rating emerged as the strongest predictor; while monitoring and planning were vital for accountability and goal alignment. Continuous employee development was also found essential for capacity building and sustaining long-term improvements. The study concludes that PMS significantly enhances organizational effectiveness at TSC and recommends further research across institutions. Policymakers should strengthen fairness, transparency, and resource allocation, while continuous training, mentoring, and integration of PMS principles in teacher preparation programs are vital for professional and institutional growth.

The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor Needs Identification, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project needs identification influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling in Olchoronyori and Oloirien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Needs Identification significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through integrated needs identification and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.

The relatively lower level of insurance penetration in Kenya has been attributed to a number of factors including lack of awareness on available insurance products, low income levels among the key consuming public, perceived low rate of returns for life policies, cumbersome claim settlement procedures, lack of trust of insurance players, and expensive premiums. The study objective was to establish the mediating effect of digital transformation on the relationship between strategic leadership and insurance penetration in Kenya. The study was guided by Strategic Leadership Theory, New Public Management (NPM) and Resource-Based Theory. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, the research targeted 58 licensed insurance companies in Kenya, employing a census sampling method to survey 232 participants, and data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics following a pilot study to refine the questionnaire. The study results revealed a very strong positive correlation (R=0.979) between the predictors (strategic leadership and government regulations) and insurance penetration. This indicates that the combined effect of these factors significantly enhances insurance penetration. Additionally, the R2 value of 0.958 suggests that approximately 95.8% of the variation in insurance penetration can be explained by strategic leadership and government regulation. Both factors, strategic leadership and government regulations, individually contribute to increasing insurance penetration, and their combined interaction further strengthens this effect, demonstrating a substantial influence on the sector’s growth. The analysis also indicates that government regulations moderate the impact of strategic leadership, altering its direct effect on insurance penetration. These findings highlight the importance of considering both leadership and regulatory frameworks together when developing strategies to enhance insurance market penetration. The study recommends that, policymakers and industry leaders in Kenya focus on strengthening both strategic leadership and government regulations to enhance insurance penetration. Efforts should be made to foster effective leadership practices that are responsive to market needs while simultaneously developing and enforcing regulatory frameworks that support industry growth. Given that government regulations moderate the impact of strategic leadership, a coordinated approach that aligns leadership initiatives with regulatory policies will be crucial. This International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies, 2026 Volume 6 Issue 1 268 integrated strategy will help create an enabling environment that maximizes the positive effects of leadership and regulation on expanding insurance coverage across the country..

The digital transformation of African higher education is a pivotal driver for socioeconomic development, research excellence, and global competitiveness. However, this transformation is critically constrained by chronic financial limitations, technological dependence on foreign proprietary systems, and significant infrastructural deficits. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis arguing that the strategic, institutional-wide adoption of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) is not merely a cost-cutting IT strategy but a fundamental pathway for African universities to achieve sustainable innovation, pedagogical relevance, and digital sovereignty. The research employs a multi-dimensional framework, examining the socio-technical, economic, and political aspects of FOSS integration. It meticulously details the profound benefits, which extend beyond direct financial savings to encompass enhanced academic freedom, robust local capacity building, and the fostering of an indigenous culture of innovation and problem-solving. The paper provides an exhaustive survey of FOSS applications across the entire university ecosystem, from learning management systems (e.g., Moodle, Chamilo) and administrative suites (e.g., LibreOffice, GNU/Linux) to specialized research tools (e.g., R, Python, QGIS) and library management systems (e.g., Koha). A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to a critical and honest appraisal of the formidable barriers to adoption, including technical skills gaps, cultural resistance, concerns over support and maintenance, and overarching policy vacuums. In response, the paper proposes a holistic and actionable strategic framework for successful implementation, emphasizing the necessity of visionary leadership, phased deployment, substantial investment in human capital development, and the creation of collaborative consortia. The conclusion posits that FOSS adoption represents a paradigm shift moving from technological consumerism to academic and technological self-determination, enabling African universities to tailor solutions to local contexts, control their digital destinies, and ultimately emerge as central hubs of sustainable innovation for the continent's development. Keywords: open-source software, African universities, sustainable innovation, digital transformation, higher education, ICT4D, capacity building, digital sovereignty, Moodle, policy

The banking industry in Kenya plays a crucial role in financial intermediation, economic growth, and employment creation. However, many banks continue to face challenges of declining profitability, customer dissatisfaction, and workforce inefficiencies, partly attributed to inadequate leadership strategies. This paper investigates the effect of core competencies and human capital development on organizational performance at Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB), Kencom House. The study adopted a descriptive–explanatory research design, targeting 400 employees across strategic departments, from which a stratified random sample of 200 respondents was drawn. Data were collected using semistructured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression techniques with SPSS version 25. The findings revealed that both core competencies and human capital development significantly influenced organizational performance. Core competencies such as innovation capability, technological proficiency, service quality, and responsiveness accounted for improved financial outcomes and customer satisfaction (β = 0.327, p < 0.01). Similarly, human capital development comprising training, succession planning, knowledge sharing, and employee engagement positively contributed to productivity and operational efficiency (β = 0.251, p < 0.05). The study concludes that continuous investment in distinctive organizational capabilities and human capital enhances the performance and competitiveness of commercial banks. It recommends that KCB strengthen innovation systems, align employee development programs with strategic objectives, and institutionalize knowledge-sharing platforms to sustain superior performance in an evolving financial environment.

Climate change has had severe impacts globally and across different sectors. The global South, Kenya included, is bearing the brunt of these changes, which necessitate the process of adjusting to the change. In this regard, several adaptation initiatives have been initiated to address this need. To ensure the sustainability of these initiatives, financing should be sustainable, which has been a major challenge. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the influence of carbon markets on the performance of climate adaptation initiatives in Kenya. This study is anchored on the theory of financial intermediation. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 31 climate adaptive initiatives in Kenya with a focus on KOKO Networks and shall utilize census sampling. Data collection will be done using structured questionnaires administered through Survey Monkey. Data analysis will be done through descriptive and inferential statistics. This study will be useful to policymakers in creating policies that ensure project sustainability. Project managers shall also benefit through this in understanding best ways to structure future projects using the most suitable financing mechanisms for the project.

The objective of this study was to investigate how stakeholder involvement practices influence the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County, and the specific objective was to determine how baseline information provision influences the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County. In this study, Participatory Development theory and Stakeholder Theory were used, with the anchor theory being Stakeholder Theory. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 152 respondents from Uasin Gishu County and a sample size of 110, where stratified random sampling was adopted. The researcher used a questionnaire as the main research instrument, and data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 25. Presentation of analysed data was done using percentages, mean and standard deviation by use of frequency tables The study findings showed that baseline information provision significantly affects the performance of road projects in Uasin Gishu County. A positive linear relationship between baseline information provision and project performance suggests that project management teams should ensure adequate provision for baseline data collection. The study recommends that project managers should focus on collecting and sharing baseline information for road projects, involving stakeholders in defining key performance indicators (KPIs), and establishing standardized protocols for data collection and sharing.

This study investigated the role of stakeholder engagement in ensuring the sustainability of disaster preparedness and response projects in Baringo County, Kenya, a region prone to recurrent droughts and floods. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data was collected from 120 Disaster Risk Management committee members through structured questionnaires, analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The results demonstrated that robust engagement of community members, government agencies, NGOs, and private sector stakeholders significantly enhanced ownership, resource mobilization, and effective project implementation, accounting for 68% of the variance in project sustainability (R² = 0.68, p < .001). Community involvement in planning and inter-agency coordination during evaluation emerged as key predictors of sustained outcomes. Barriers such as conflicting agendas and weak feedback mechanisms were identified as impediments. The study recommends establishing formal stakeholder forums, capacity-building workshops, standardized feedback systems, and policy incentives to foster inclusive and sustained collaboration, thereby strengthening the resilience and longevity of disaster management initiatives in Baringo County.

Strategic planning positively affects the performance of state-owned companies (SOEs) in Kenya, with evidence indicating that their effective application enhances organizational outcomes. However, despite the adoption of strategic planning frameworks, many State-Owned Enterprises in Kenya continue to experience performance challenges such as inefficiency, weak governance structures, financial mismanagement, and delays in project implementation. These issues have led to low productivity, dependence on government bailouts, and failure to meet performance targets. This persistent underperformance raises concerns about the effectiveness of strategic management practices within these entities. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of Strategic planning on the organizational performance of State Corporations in Kenya: a case study of the Geothermal Development Company. This research was anchored by the Resource-Based View Theory, and supported by Strategyas-Practice (SAP). Employing a descriptive research approach, data from 871 employees at Geothermal Development Company (GDC) were analysed employing a stratified sampling technique, resulting in a sample population of 274 respondents. A standardized questionnaire was employed to gather information, preceded by a pilot study to validate the tool's dependability. Analysis involved reviewing surveys, extracting statistics, and applying regression analysis via SPSS version 24 to explore how independent and dependent variables relate to one another. The study found that strategic planning was inclusive and systematic, featuring stakeholder engagement and goal prioritization. Effective strategy formulation was evidenced by personnel engagement and alignment with organizational objectives, promoting a link between goals and performance. The study recommends that Kenyan state corporations enhance strategic planning through better organization, stakeholder participation, and regular updates. It stresses the importance of developing analytical skills for data-driven decision-making and aligning planning with performance metrics. The research advocates for stakeholder engagement, measurable outcomes, and suggests longitudinal studies to explore causal relationships.

Food security is a critical challenge in Kenya, with approximately half of the population living in poverty and about 7.5 million, in extreme poverty. This is undermined by challenges in the fresh produce supply chain, such as poor market access and high food loss rates, which adversely affect nutrition outcomes. This study examines the impact of digital supply chain optimization encompassing digital logistics integration, digital market linkages, digital traceability, digital transparency and information sharing, on food security. Grounded under systems theory, the study employed a cross-sectional design. Data was collected from 319 stakeholders via questionnaires and interviews, analyzed using SPSS Version 28 for descriptive and regression statistics, and content analysis for qualitative insights. The findings indicated that digital logistics integration had the strongest positive impact through improved delivery efficiency and reduced post-harvest losses. Digital market linkages showed significant influence, facilitated by mobile platforms, though adoption was constrained by low digital literacy and unreliable internet. Digital traceability systems had limited adoption due to infrastructural barriers, while digital transparency enhanced decision-making but lacked a regulatory framework. Analysis of qualitative insights highlighted stakeholder demand for lowtechnology solutions. Recommendations set out include the establishment of community Wi-Fi hubs, implementation of SMS-based tools, provision of digital literacy programs and creation of farmer cooperatives to facilitate the scaling of digital interventions. This research makes a contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Kenya's Food and Nutrition Security Policy, highlighting strategies for urban food systems in low-resource settings.

The objective of this study was to investigate how project management practices influence the institutional performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. The specific objective was to determine how quality management practices, stakeholder engagement, risk management, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) influence the performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. In this study, Systems Theory and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory were used, with Systems Theory serving as the anchor theory. Systems Theory emphasizes that schools, as complex organizations, consist of interdependent subsystems—administration, teaching staff, students, and the community—that must function cohesively to achieve the overall performance of the school. RBV Theory emphasizes the internal resources of an organization as critical for achieving competitive advantage and sustainability. The study was conducted using a descriptive research design, with a target population of 374 public secondary schools in Kitui County and a sample size of 332, selected through stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used as the main research instrument, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS software. The presentation of analyzed data was done using percentages, means, and standard deviations, with results displayed in frequency tables. The study findings showed that project management practices significantly affect the performance of public secondary schools in Kitui County. A positive linear relationship between project management practices (such as quality management, stakeholder engagement, and risk management) and school performance suggests that adopting formal project management frameworks enhances school efficiency, project completion rates, and academic outcomes. The study recommends that school administrators and project managers should adopt formal project management frameworks, emphasizing stakeholder engagement, risk management strategies, and quality assurance practices to improve resource allocation and ensure successful project outcomes in Kitui County.

Strategic human resource practices elements are characterised by recruitment and selection, training, and development. A void is created in the organisation when talented and capable workers leave, leading to the loss of vital skills, knowledge, and professional relationships. High employee voluntary turnover rates usually affect or interfere with organizational performance. In order to fill these gaps, this study examined the relationship between strategic HRM practices and employee retention in Kenyan public institutions, using the Public Service Commission (PSC) as a case study, and the specific objective was to establish the influence of recruitment and selection, and training and development on employee retention at the PSC. Anchor theory is human capital theory, reinforced by institutional theory and goal-setting theory. A descriptive design was adopted. The target population is 539 employees of PSC. Stratified random sampling was adopted. With the help of two research assistants, structured questionnaires were utilized to collect data, and the pick-and-drop approach was employed to obtain primary data. Results were displayed using tables. The results show a substantial correlation between employee retention and the strategic human resource management practices (p < 0.05, P = 0.00). The statistical significance of variables' values (p = 0.05) suggests that raising their mean index should enhance employee retention. The head of PSC should be aware that recruiting, identifying, and keeping the best talent in an organisation depends on having effective selection and recruitment procedures. The study recommends that Such policies improve organizational effectiveness, fairness, and transparency when they are properly drafted. PSC should incorporate training and development into the hiring process to guarantee that new hires are not only properly positioned but also prepared to function and advance within the company. A well-organised, fair, and impact-driven T&D policy increases worker engagement, lowers attrition, and boosts organizational competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to do more research encompassing a large geographic region, such as the other private institutions, as well as a comparison study to look at how various SHRM affect employee retention in other private institutions.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) remain pivotal to Kenya’s economic development through job creation, innovation, and income generation. Despite their importance, professional service SMEs often experience weak financial performance due to poor execution and inadequate monitoring of strategic plans. This study examined the effect of strategy implementation and strategy evaluation on the financial performance of professional service SMEs in Kisumu County, Kenya. Anchored on the Balanced Scorecard Model and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 245 professional service SMEs, with a sample of 152 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 28. Reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.83. Regression results indicated that both strategy implementation (β = 0.229, p < 0.01) and strategy evaluation (β = 0.263, p < 0.001) had positive and statistically significant effects on financial performance, jointly explaining 72.4% of the variation in performance (R² = 0.724). The study concludes that consistent implementation and continuous evaluation of strategies enhance profitability, liquidity, and growth. It recommends that SMEs institutionalize structured implementation frameworks with clear performance indicators and feedback mechanisms to ensure strategic alignment and long-term sustainability.

The study examined the relationship between strategic leadership and the performance of selected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Isiolo County, Kenya, focusing on four dimensions: balanced organizational controls, corporate strategic direction, strategic planning, and organizational culture. Addressing contextual and empirical gaps in existing literature, particularly the underrepresentation of arid and semi-arid land (ASAL) settings, the study provides actionable insights for NGO leaders, policymakers, and scholars. Grounded in adaptive leadership, configuration, and goal-setting theories, the study collected data from 203 staff members across seven WASH-focused NGOs, with a representative sample of 135 respondents selected through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27, and ethical standards, including informed consent and confidentiality, were strictly observed. Findings revealed statistically significant positive relationships for three of the four strategic leadership dimensions with NGO performance. Balanced organizational controls had the strongest predictive coefficient (β = 0.479), followed by strategic planning (β = 0.428), corporate strategic direction (β = 0.367), and organizational culture (β = 0.135). The study established that NGOs that adopted transparent accountability systems, upheld missionaligned direction, institutionalised adaptive planning cycles, and nurtured ethical, learning-oriented cultures demonstrated stronger program effectiveness, stakeholder satisfaction, and operational resilience. The study recommends that NGOs in resourceconstrained environments embrace an integrated strategic leadership model that synchronizes controls, vision, planning, and culture to improve performance and sustainability.

The study was carried out to identify leadership gaps and inform strategies that enhance pension fund sustainability and align with Kenya’s broader public sector reform needs. The general objective of this study was to investigate the strategic leadership practices and organizational performance of public pension funds at the Local Authorities Provident Fund. The specific objective of the study was to examine the effect of strategic direction on organizational performance of public pension funds at Local Authorities Provident Fund. The study's target population comprised of 144 respondents who were based at public pension funds headquarters in Nairobi. The study selected 59 respondents who were working at the public pension funds headquarters in Nairobi. Strategic direction showed a strong positive correlation, and a significant regression coefficient, underscoring the importance of leadership in aligning vision and goals with organizational priorities. The study recommends that public pension funds; align longterm goals with actionable programs to enhance performance, clear leadership vision and consistent prioritization of organizational objectives.

This study explored the influence of leadership styles on decision-making in water conservation initiatives in Kenya, focusing on the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company (NCWSC). The main objective was to assess how transformational, situational, servant, and charismatic leadership styles affect decision-making effectiveness in water resource management, infrastructure development, and service delivery. Despite NCWSC’s critical role in sustainable water conservation, persistent challenges in strategic planning, policy implementation, and stakeholder engagement are often linked to leadership inefficiencies. Guided by Charismatic Leadership Theory, Situational Leadership Theory, and the Rational Decision-Making Model, the study targeted NCWSC executives, department heads, managers, and technical officers. A stratified random sample of 360 respondents was selected, and data were collected using semistructured interviews and questionnaires. Mixed methods were employed: thematic analysis for qualitative data and SPSS (version 29) for quantitative analysis. The findings revealed that situational leadership had the greatest influence on effective decisionmaking, followed by transformational, charismatic, and servant leadership. Weaknesses identified included limited innovation, inadequate staff empowerment, and lack of flexibility. The study recommends fostering innovation through regular brainstorming workshops, enhancing employee participation through feedback mechanisms, and integrating charismatic motivation with structured governance for long-term conservation success. Strengthening leadership adaptability and inclusivity is crucial for improving water conservation outcomes and achieving sustainable water governance at NCWSC.

The practice of managing employee relations in organizations has been observed to influence staff performance in one way or the other. For the practice to be more effective, leaders and managers are required to adopt effective respect, good channels of communication and build trust between individuals. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of grievance handling procedures on employee performance of NCWSC Ltd. The Pluralist theory served as the primary theoretical framework for theoretical debate. 3239 middle and upper-level management staff members at NCWSC who were eligible for unionization made up the study's target population. Using a stratified selection strategy, 356 individuals were selected from the target population to serve as the sample, and data were gathered through the use of questionnaires as research instruments. A descriptive research design was employed in the study. a pilot study to confirm the reliability and validity of the research. The data were assessed using both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 22. Study findings were presented using graphs, tables and descriptive summaries. The study established that; Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company's grievance resolution process is effective in settling disagreements, according to survey participants, who moderately agreed on an average mean score of 3.5266. With a correlation coefficient of r = 219 and a p-value of 008, grievance resolution demonstrated a modest but significant positive link, suggesting that there is a slight benefit to improving grievance resolution. Finally, a moderate regression effect (β =.187; p = 0.019) of grievance handling procedures on employee performance suggested that settling grievances has a beneficial impact on employee performance. The study concludes that grievance handling procedures have a positive influence on employee performance at Nairobi City Water and Sewerage company. The study found that poor co-ordination between part at NCWS in grievance resolutions. The study recommends fostering collaboration between key stakeholders, such as employees, management and labor unions, to create a transparent and structured grievance resolution process.

This paper investigated the influence of income levels on dairy farmers’ membership in cooperative societies, focusing on the Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society in Kiambu County, Kenya. Cooperative societies are widely recognized for promoting economic stability, collective bargaining, and market access among smallholder farmers. While previous studies have shown that cooperative membership can enhance household income, there is limited empirical evidence on how pre-existing income levels determine farmers’ decisions to join and remain active in cooperatives. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 316 respondents comprising management and staff through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics summarized member perceptions of income stability, while inferential analyses—including Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression—examined the relationship between income levels and membership. The findings indicate a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.523, p < 0.01), with regression analysis confirming that income levels significantly predict cooperative membership (β = 0.215, p < 0.01), explaining 27.3% of the variation in membership. Higher and more stable income enhances farmers’ ability to meet cooperative obligations, strengthens trust in management, and fosters long-term participation. These results support Rational Choice Theory by demonstrating that farmers’ economic incentives influence their cooperative engagement. Practically, the study recommends implementing stable pricing, timely bonuses, and transparent profitsharing mechanisms to enhance member loyalty, while policymakers should support initiatives that stabilize incomes and reduce barriers to participation. Future research could explore the impact of digital platforms and socio-cultural networks on membership decisions, complementing income-based analyses.

Technological innovation has become central to enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery, particularly in the sanitation sector of developing countries. This study assessed the effect of technological factors on sustainable sanitation service delivery, drawing insights from Kenya’s Nationwide RealTime Monitoring Information System (RTMIS) under the Ministry of Health. Anchored on the sustainability theory and supported by institutional Theory, stakeholder theory and resource-based view theory, the study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from 394 respondents, including Community Health Promoters, County Health Officers, and RTMIS administrators, through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27. Findings revealed that technological innovation significantly influenced sustainable sanitation service delivery (β = 0.412, p < 0.05), explaining 31.6% of the variance in service sustainability. Key factors included automation, interoperability, and digital infrastructure, while limited user training and system maintenance constrained effectiveness. The study concludes that technological innovation enhances sustainability when supported by institutional commitment, reliable infrastructure, and user capacity. It recommends policy reforms to strengthen digital infrastructure, regular user training, and dedicated funding for RTMIS maintenance to ensure long-term functionality and data-driven sanitation governance in Kenya.

This study assessed the effect of digital marketing strategies namely Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Email Marketing, and Online Advertising on the growth of SMEs in Machakos County. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which guided the understanding of both social media marketing and SME growth. The Resource-Based View (RBV) supported the SEO dimension, the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory guided the evaluation of email marketing. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 18,476 registered SMEs. A stratified random sample of 377 respondents was selected, and 340 valid responses were obtained, representing a 90.2% response rate. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.762 to 0.808, indicating high internal consistency. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS Version 28. The results revealed that all four digital marketing strategies had a significant and positive effect on SME growth. Social Media Marketing emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.412), followed by Online Advertising (β = 0.338), Email Marketing (β = 0.286), and SEO (β = 0.319). The model reported an R² of 0.612 and adjusted R² of 0.608, indicating that the four strategies collectively explained 61.2% of the variance in SME growth. ANOVA results further confirmed the model’s significance (F = 51.327, p < 0.05). The study concluded that digital marketing strategies significantly contributed to SME growth by enhancing customer engagement, brand visibility, and profitability. However, challenges persisted, including digital skill gaps, limited access to analytics tools, and constrained marketing budgets. The study recommended that SMEs invest in digital skills training, utilize affordable analytics platforms, and strengthen partnerships with public and private stakeholders to enhance their digital marketing capacity. Future research should explore the role of emerging digital innovations such as artificial intelligence, mobile commerce, and influencer marketing in advancing SME performance across different counties in Kenya.

County governments in Kenya were established to decentralize authority and enhance service delivery, addressing marginalization under centralized governance. Despite these efforts, challenges such as poor waste management, pollution, water shortages, and deteriorating infrastructure persist, mainly due to inadequate employee performance. This study examined the influence of the electronic human resource information system (E-HRMIS) on employee performance in Wajir County Government, focusing on ERecruitment, E-Training, E-Appraisal, and E-Payroll management. Anchored on the Resource-Based View, Human Capital, and Contingency theories, the study adopted a cross-sectional survey design targeting 4,098 employees, with a stratified random sample of 101 respondents. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 28 through descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that all four E-HRMIS components—ERecruitment (r = 0.716, p < 0.01), E-Appraisal (r = 0.627, p < 0.01), E-Payroll (r = 0.597, p < 0.01), and E-Training (r = 0.588, p < 0.01)—had strong, positive, and statistically significant correlations with employee performance. The regression model explained 65.4% of the variance (R² = 0.654), with E-Recruitment (β = 0.421) emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that an integrated E-HRMIS framework enhances productivity, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery. It recommends that Wajir County strengthen E-Recruitment and E-Training systems, improve communication and fairness in E-Appraisal and enhance accessibility in E-Payroll management. Implementing these data-driven strategies can optimize human resource management and elevate service delivery across county governments

The sustainability of solid waste management projects remains a major challenge in many developing countries despite substantial investments in infrastructure and technology. This study examined the effect of stakeholder participation on the sustainability of solid waste management projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was guided by Stakeholder Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 250 different individuals actively involved or affected by SWMPs in the county. A sample size of 152 respondents was achieved using the Yamane formula. Participants was sampled using stratified sampling. The information was collected using questionnaires, and a pilot study was carried out in Nakuru City to determine the validity and reliability of research instruments. The data was subsequently coded and placed into a computer where the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25) was used to analyze them. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was based on frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were correlation and regression analysis. Analyzed data was presented in form of tables. The results revealed that stakeholder participation has a positive and significant effect on sustainability of Solid Waste Management Projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (β1=0.207, p=0.004). The study concluded that Stakeholder participation is crucial for sustainability of Solid Waste Management (SWM) projects in Uasin Gishu County. It recommends that county governments institutionalize stakeholder participation frameworks that promote regular consultation, transparency, and community engagement in waste management initiatives. The study contributes to policy and practice by providing empirical evidence that stakeholder participation is a critical determinant of sustainability in public environmental projects and underscores the importance of inclusive governance for effective solid waste management in Kenya.

This study examined the effect of communication on the performance of basic education schools in Kenya, focusing on Great News Academy, Malindi. The study adopted a correlational survey design to establish the relationship between managerial communication and school performance. The target population comprised 551 individuals, including administrators, teachers, and support staff, from which a sample of 232 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness across categories. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, which provided quantitative insights into the effectiveness of communication practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation analysis, to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between communication and school performance. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between effective communication and school performance, indicating that open, timely, and clear communication among school managers, teachers, and stakeholders enhances organizational coordination and student outcomes. The study recommended that school management strengthen internal communication channels, promote participatory dialogue, and implement feedback mechanisms to ensure transparency and collaboration. Such measures would foster shared understanding, improve decision-making efficiency, and ultimately enhance overall school performance in basic education institutions.

The Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development holds a key position in promoting the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are vital to economic growth and job creation. To improve service delivery and support strategic planning, the Ministry has begun incorporating data driven leadership into its operations. However, the impact of this data driven leadership on strategic decision-making has not been thoroughly examined. Despite the government's ongoing push to digitize public services, significant obstacles remain in fully integrating data driven leadership into the Ministry’s strategic planning and decision-making activities. This study aimed to assess the relationship between Data-Driven Leadership and strategic decision making in public sector in Kenya within the Ministry of Cooperatives and MSMEs Development. The study was guided by transformational leadership theory. A descriptive research design guided the study. The target population comprised 300 officials from the Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development, from which a sample of 120 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected using both structured and semi-structured questionnaires. quantitative data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Multiple regression analysis was employed to evaluate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings indicated that Data-Driven Leadership (β = 0.615, p < 0.05) significantly impact the effectiveness of decision-making. The study concludes that Data-Driven Leadership significantly enhances strategic decision-making by fostering evidence-based insights, efficiency, and organizational adaptability

Effective project implementation remains a persistent challenge in Kenya’s marginalized counties, where limited institutional capacity and weak stakeholder engagement often lead to project delays, cost overruns, and incomplete outcomes. This study examined the effect of technical capacity and stakeholder involvement on project implementation in Garissa County, one of Kenya’s least developed regions. The research was guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Stakeholder Theories, which emphasize internal capabilities and participatory governance as key enablers of project success. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 250 project stakeholders drawn from various county departments. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample size of 154 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients exceeding 0.80. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 28, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that both technical capacity (β = 0.247, p < 0.01) and stakeholder involvement (β = 0.209, p = 0.003) had a positive and statistically significant effect on project implementation in Garissa County. The overall model explained 64.1% (R² = 0.641) of the variation in project implementation, confirming the strong predictive power of the selected variables. The study concluded that enhancing technical competencies, providing adequate tools and systems, and promoting participatory stakeholder engagement are critical to improving project efficiency and sustainability in marginalized regions. It recommends that county governments institutionalize continuous capacity-building programs, strengthen stakeholder consultation mechanisms, and integrate participatory monitoring and evaluation frameworks. These measures would enhance accountability, foster ownership, and improve the timely completion and quality of public projects in Kenya’s devolved system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Management Development Programmes on employee performance in the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection in Kenya. The study was guided by four specific objectives: to determine the effect of team building, conflict management, coaching, and succession planning on employee performance within the Ministry. The research was significant to government agencies, policymakers, investors, and human resource practitioners as it provided insights into how management development initiatives enhance workforce efficiency, employee satisfaction, and institutional effectiveness. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting a population of 200 employees drawn from the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. Stratified random sampling was used to select 100 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, while a pilot study involving 10 participants from a similar government institution was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 28). Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and percentages were used, while inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis were employed to establish relationships between variables. The findings were presented using tables, figures, and graphs, and ethical principles such as confidentiality, informed consent, and voluntary participation were strictly observed. The findings revealed that management development programmes had a significant positive influence on employee performance in the Ministry. Team building was found to enhance collaboration, communication, and morale, leading to higher levels of productivity and commitment. Effective conflict management practices contributed to improved teamwork, reduced workplace tension, and higher efficiency. Coaching enhanced employee confidence, decision-making ability, and job satisfaction, while succession planning ensured leadership continuity, employee motivation, and organizational stability. The study concluded that management development programmes are crucial for improving employee performance and achieving institutional goals. It recommended that the Ministry should invest consistently in structured team- International Journal of Management and Leadership Studies, 2026 Volume 6 Issue 1 644 building initiatives, establish continuous conflict management training, strengthen coaching and mentorship programmes, and institutionalize succession planning to ensure leadership continuity and organizational resilience. The study further suggested that future research should examine the long-term effects of management development programmes across different government ministries and incorporate qualitative approaches to provide deeper insights into employee perceptions and behavioural changes

Transparency mechanisms play a critical role in ensuring sustainable and climateresilient natural resource management (NRM), particularly in the face of increasing climate-related challenges. This study sought to assess how Transparency Mechanisms enhance sustainable NRM, focusing on Transparency International-Kenya (TI-Kenya) as a case study. Grounded in Environmental Governance Theory, the research employed a quantitative approach, drawing insights from a diverse range of stakeholders to capture quantitative dimensions of governance effectiveness. The target population was 150 people who included TI-Kenya employees, policymakers, environmental experts, and local community representatives, selected through stratified and purposive sampling techniques. The findings affirmed that sound transparency mechanisms were indispensable in fostering sustainable, climate-resilient natural resource management at Transparency International-Kenya. The study recommended that future research could explore how these corporate governance mechanisms function in more diverse contexts, particularly among smaller grassroots organizations or in different geographical regions facing distinct climate impacts.

This paper examined on-the-Job Learning as a Catalyst for Improved Employee Performance in Devolved Government Systems. A Case Study of County Government of Murang’a, Kenya. A descriptive research design was used, targeting 1,022 managementlevel employees. A sample of 287 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling, and data were collected through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS (Version 25). The results indicated that on-the-job learning significantly enhanced employee performance, with an overall composite mean of 3.64. Employees reported that on-the-job learning improved proactive communication (M = 4.46, SD = 0.92), skill utilization (M = 4.37, SD = 0.95), and problem-solving ability (M = 4.26, SD = 1.00). Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between on-the-job learning and performance (r = 0.543, p < 0.01), while regression results revealed that on-the-job learning explained 29% of the variance in employee performance. The study concludes that structured on-the-job learning fosters adaptability, innovation, and efficiency in devolved government systems. It recommends institutionalizing workplace learning through formal programs, reflection workshops, and feedback mechanisms to enhance public sector service delivery. Future research should adopt longitudinal and comparative designs to assess the sustainability of on-thejob learning outcomes across counties and sectors

Digital transformation has become a critical driver of competitiveness for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), yet its strategic application in resource-constrained contexts remains underexplored. This study examined the effect of mobile money transfer and cloud computing on strategic decision-making among small and medium business start-ups (SMBSUs) in Kisumu County, Kenya. A sequential explanatory mixedmethods design was adopted, combining a quantitative survey of 199 founders and senior managers across sectors such as retail, agribusiness, services, and manufacturing with qualitative interviews involving 12–15 purposively selected respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation, and multiple regression in SPSS, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis using NVivo. Findings revealed that mobile money was the most widely adopted tool though it primarily served operational purposes with negligible strategic impact. Conversely, cloud computing showed limited strategic contribution due to infrastructural and skill-related barriers. The study highlights the uneven integration of digital tools into strategic processes and identifies leadership capacity, infrastructure, and cost as key determinants of adoption. These insights inform policy and practice by emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to strengthen digital literacy, improve access to affordable technologies, and foster inclusive digital ecosystems in devolved regions.

Public referral hospitals in Kenya face persistent performance challenges, including inefficient service delivery, resource constraints, and staff shortages that undermine their healthcare mandate. This study assessed the influence of management strategies, leadership style, strategic orientation, staff competencies, and technology integration, on the organizational performance of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from a sample of 357 respondents and analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and regression techniques. The results revealed that all four management strategies positively influenced performance, with strategic orientation emerging as the strongest predictor, followed by staff competencies, technology integration, and leadership style. Collectively, the variables explained 53.8% of the variance in performance. The study concludes that a synergistic approach to strengthening these strategies is crucial for improving hospital efficiency and service quality. It recommends blended leadership styles, evidence-based strategic planning, capacity building, and digital transformation to enhance institutional performance.

Globally, cooperative societies are recognized as pivotal in enhancing economic empowerment among smallholder farmers by facilitating resource pooling, knowledge sharing, and market access. In Kenya, dairy cooperatives play a critical role in connecting farmers to formal markets, offering fair pricing, and enabling access to credit and training. Despite these benefits, governance challenges such as weak leadership, limited member oversight, and poor communication often undermine member participation and trust. This study examined the relationship between corporate governance and dairy farmers’ membership, focusing on Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society in Kiambu County. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 1,515 management and staff members, with a stratified random sample of 316 participants. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, validated through expert review and pilot testing, and analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between corporate governance and membership (r = 0.612, p < 0.01), with governance practices explaining 37.5% of membership variance. The study concludes that robust governance structures enhance trust, satisfaction, and sustained membership, and recommends policy, managerial, and technological interventions to strengthen cooperative governance and member engagement

This study examined how integrated environmental management initiatives influence carbon emission reduction within the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA). Specifically, it assessed the impact of environmental regulatory frameworks, emission monitoring systems, green certification standards, and environmental training programs. Guided by Ecological Modernization, Environmental Management, and Sustainability Theories, the study employed a mixed-methods design targeting 530 personnel, with a sample of 228 determined using the Yamane formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Results showed that regulatory frameworks (β = 0.183, p = 0.023), emission monitoring systems (β = 0.005, p = 0.009), green certification standards (β = 0.617, p = 0.000), and environmental training programs (β = 0.021, p = 0.008) significantly influenced carbon emission reduction, explaining 49.1% of the variance. Green certification standards were the strongest predictor. Qualitative findings highlighted challenges such as limited funding, skill gaps, and outdated monitoring tools. The study concludes that integrated interventions combining regulation, monitoring, certification, and training are vital for measurable emission reduction. It recommends strengthening staff training aligned with ISO 14001 and ACA benchmarks, modernizing monitoring infrastructure, and promoting leadership-driven sustainability

Innovation capability has become a critical factor for organizational performance and sustainability, particularly within public sector institutions facing rapid technological, economic, and social changes. This study examined the effect of organizational agility on innovation capability in Parastatals, with a focus on the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA). Specifically, the research investigates how four internal organizational factors, leadership style, organizational learning, technological infrastructure, and knowledge management, individually and collectively influence innovation capability. The study was guided by Transformational Leadership Theory, Organizational Learning Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the Knowledge Based View of the firm. A descriptive correlational design will be employed, targeting employees of the Kenya Ports Authority at the Inland Container Depot (ICD) Nairobi. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and analysis involved descriptive statistics, regression techniques. The demographic results showed a balanced representation in gender, age, and job levels, with a majority of respondents having more than six years of experience, indicating a stable workforce. Descriptive analysis revealed that leadership at KPA promotes collaboration and vision sharing but falls short in supporting risk taking and experimentation. Organizational learning was moderately strong, with continuous training and a culture of improvement being evident, though the application of lessons from past experiences was limited. Technological infrastructure was found to simplify processes and support innovation but required more frequent system updates and enhanced ICT training. Knowledge management practices contributed to problem solving and innovation but were hindered by weak systems for knowledge storage and accessibility. Inferential analysis showed a strong relationship between the four predictors and innovation capability (R = 0.832), with 69.1% of the variance in innovation capability explained by the independent variables. Regression analysis revealed that organizational learning (B = 0.394, p = 0.000), and knowledge management (B = 0.341, p = 0.000) had positive and significant effects. ANOVA results further confirmed that the model was statistically significant (F = 104.206, p < 0.05). The study concluded that while KPA has made significant progress in promoting innovation through learning, technology, and knowledge management, leadership practices need to be restructured to encourage creativity and employee empowerment. Organizational learning emerged as the strongest driver of innovation capability, indicating that continuous training, reflective practices, and cross departmental collaboration are vital for fostering adaptability. The study recommended adopting transformational leadership approaches, investing in staff ICT training, upgrading digital systems, and developing robust knowledge management repositories. Policy recommendations included reducing bureaucratic barriers, embedding innovation into strategic plans, and creating mechanisms to empower employees to participate in innovation initiatives.

This study investigated the effect of value-added programmes on performance of SMEs within Kisumu City’s business incubation programme. It specifically examined the effect of innovation, and capacity building on SME performance. The study was anchored in the Social Exchange Theory and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, which provided a strong theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms through which incubation support enterprise growth. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 2,800 SME owners participating in the incubation programme and 44 field officers from enterprise support organisations (making a total of 2,844 target population). Using the Miller and Brewer (2021) formula, a sample of 323 respondents was selected through probability and random sampling methods. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed with SPSS (version 26) and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential techniques (regression, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation) were applied. Findings revealed that innovation significantly enhanced value addition and SME performance, while capacity-building provided essential skills for growth. The model explained 55.5% (R² = 0.555) of the variance in performance, and the ANOVA test confirmed the model’s validity (F = 65.634; p < 0.05). The study concluded that value addition through incubation programmes plays a vital role in improving SME performance. It recommended that managers, policymakers, and stakeholders strengthen innovation, and capacity building to enhance SME growth and sustainability.

This research examines the significance of board diversity on the performance of selected state-owned corporations in Kenya, highlighting a critical gap where over 30 percent of these organizations lack equality in gender, age, race, and education, which is essential for fostering innovation, enhancing decision-making, and adhering to the Mwongozo Code of Governance. Prior research often focuses on specific commercial banks or aspects of diversity, neglecting a comprehensive examination of all inclusion policies and the impact of local cultural factors. The primary objective is to assess the influence of boardlevel diversity on organizational outcomes, encompassing diversity in gender, race, age, and. The primary target population comprises personnel across 14 SOCs, including board members and senior management, due to their unique insights into organizational operations. A sample of 210 representative respondents, comprising board members and senior managers, was selected using a census approach, ensuring gender balance. The primary instrument was a structured questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale, followed by an assessment of equipment consistency and validation of content through a pilot study involving 10 percent (2 of 14 SOCs). The data was collected online over 14 days, with the assistance of research assistants, to enhance response rates. The study established that gender diversity (β = 0.218, p = 0.003) significantly enhance organizational performance. It concluded that inclusive and diverse boards foster innovation, accountability, and effective decision-making in state-owned corporations. Recommendations highlighted the need for targeted diversity policies, leadership training, succession planning, and continuous monitoring to optimize governance. Future studies should employ longitudinal designs, explore moderating factors like leadership style and organizational culture, and incorporate qualitative insights. Expanding research beyond SOCs to private firms and SMEs, while considering digital transformation and workforce mobility, would improve applicability.

The research paper will discuss how the strategic management drivers, which include strategic customer focus and strategic information technology, are associated with the financial performance of international airports in Kenya. The aviation business is becoming more and more customer-oriented and technologically advanced to enhance the efficiency of operations and increase financial performance. The research design was descriptive and the data used were quantitative, collected among the management and the operation staff of Jomo Kenyatta, Moi, Eldoret, and Kisumu International Airports. Descriptive statistics analysis, correlation, and regression analysis were done to analyze. Results indicated that strategic customer focus and information technology had strong positive impacts on the financial performance, although the latter had an even stronger impact because it automated the processes and allowed making data-driven decisions. The authors conclude that airports with customer-oriented strategies and modern IT systems have more advantages to improve revenue growth, profitability, and competitiveness in terms of services. The suggestions include constant investments into customer experience systems, the use of a digital innovation strategy, and frequent staff training to maximize the use of technology and customer interaction.

This study explored the effect of microenterprise interventions on performance of lowincome households in Kiambu County, Kenya who received entrepreneurship training from various microfinances (MFIs) in the year 2024. . A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 152 microenterprise operators, of whom 111 successfully participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS through both descriptive and inferential statistics. The regression results revealed that business skills training had a statistically significant positive effect on household performance (R = 0.578; R² = 0.334; Adjusted R² = 0.336; F(1,109) = 52.289, p < 0.001; β = 0.421, t = 2.492, p < 0.001). These findings indicated that business skills training accounted for approximately 33.4% of the variation in household performance. Respondents who had received business skills training reported improved record keeping, business planning, customer relations, and profitability. The study concluded that capacity-building initiatives focusing on business skills development significantly enhanced microenterprise sustainability and household welfare. The study thus recommended for integration of entrepreneurial training with mentorship and access to finance to strengthen the resilience and performance of low-income households in Kenya.

This study explored how Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) practices influence organizational performance at the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA). The research adopted a cross-sectional census design involving 155 employees directly engaged in procurement and operational functions. Four key SSCM domains were examined—green procurement, waste management, resource efficiency, and ethical sourcing—while performance was assessed through indicators of cost efficiency, regulatory compliance, environmental sustainability, and employee engagement. The findings revealed that sustainability practices are increasingly integrated into CA’s operations, though their maturity varies. Green procurement and ethical sourcing emerged as the strongest performance drivers, demonstrating clear links to efficiency, transparency, and institutional credibility. In contrast, waste management and resource efficiency were less developed and contributed minimally to measurable outcomes, reflecting operational rather than strategic application. The regression model explained a meaningful share of performance variance (R² = 0.288; adjusted R² = 0.269; F, p < .001), confirming that SSCM practices collectively influence organizational results but require balanced implementation. The study concludes that while procurement reforms have already yielded tangible benefits, operational sustainability must be strengthened through improved monitoring, accountability, and capacity building. It recommends embedding sustainability criteria and life-cycle costing into procurement, enhancing supplier verification, and establishing departmental dashboards to track energy, water, and waste metrics. Overall, the research affirms that institutionalizing SSCM within Kenya’s public sector can advance both performance efficiency and the broader national sustainability agenda

Capacity building emerged as the most influential factor for organizational growth. The research paper explores the effect of capacity-building initiatives by business associations such as the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) on the growth of member organizations within Kenya’s manufacturing sector. The research designs embraced a descriptive research design focusing on 534 member SMEs of KAM. Structured questionnaires were used to gather the primary data, which was assessed with help of multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between capacity-building programs and the growth of member organizations. The research concludes that association-led training and knowledge improvement programs enhance operational efficiency, innovation capability, and competitiveness of the members. It advises that business associations must make more investments into special trainings, mentorship, and collaboration with educational and technical institutions in order to reinforce the performance and longevity of the sector.

The study explored the effect of strategic management practices and performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to find out the effect of strategic goal setting on performance at KEPHIS, to determine the effect of resource allocation on performance at KEPHIS, to find out the effect of technology adoption on performance at KEPHIS, a n d to assess the effect of monitoring and evaluation on performance at KEPHIS. The study focused on the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), a state corporation mandated to regulate the quality of agricultural inputs and produce in Kenya, and sought to address challenges in service delivery, operational efficiency, and financial stability through strategic management practices. The main objective of the study was to analyze the role of strategic management practices in improving organizational performance at KEPHIS, while the specific objectives were to assess the effect of strategic goal-setting, resource allocation, technological adoption, and monitoring and evaluation frameworks on performance. The study was limited to KEPHIS employees, targeting a population of 160 and a sample size of 114 respondents. It adopted a descriptive research design and was anchored on the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Theory, and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Theory. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, with results presented in tables. The findings revealed that well-defined strategic goals, transparent resource allocation, effective technological integration, and strong monitoring and evaluation systems significantly enhanced organizational efficiency, accountability, and service delivery. The study recommends that state corporations strengthen strategic goalsetting processes, promote transparent resource utilization, invest in modern technology and employee capacity building, and establish robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to foster accountability and continuous improvement. In addition, the study recommends that future research should explore the relationship between strategic management practices and organizational culture, as well as the role of leadership and innovation in enhancing performance within state corporations

This study examined the effect of talent identification and development, as well as leadership training, on organizational performance. The target population consisted of 357 employees from the Nairobi Depot and Head Office, and a stratified random sample of 186 respondents was drawn from the Human Resources, Operations, Finance, Procurement, Legal, and Audit departments. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising both qualitative and quantitative items designed on a 5-point Likert scale to capture perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The instrument was pilot tested with 10% of the sample to ensure reliability, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (minimum threshold of 0.70), and validity through expert review. Data collection was conducted electronically via Google Forms, with strict adherence to ethical standards including informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and anonymity. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 28 through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to determine the strength and direction of relationships between the independent and dependent variables, while qualitative responses were analyzed thematically. The findings provided empirical evidence that succession planning strategies significantly enhance organizational performance. The correlation between talent development and organizational performance showed a moderate positive relationship, while the regression coefficient indicated that a unit increase in talent development led to a corresponding improvement in performance. Similarly, the correlation between leadership training and organizational performance revealed a strong positive relationship, and the regression results implied that a unit increase in leadership training resulted in a notable rise in performance. The study recommends that the organization strengthen its talent development initiatives through structured mentorship programs, leadership training, and regular talent reviews to promote leadership continuity, and further apply transparent career development and promotion policies to enhance employee motivation, ensure fairness, and sustain organizational effectiveness.

This study examines the impact of microfinance services on the financial performance of women self-help groups in Kenya, specifically the Standard Women Self-Help Group in Langas Ward, Uasin Gishu County. Despite the expanding role of microfinance in empowering women entrepreneurs, limited research addresses the combined effects of credit, savings, training, and insurance in informal urban settings. The study’s sample consisted of 109 active women entrepreneurs selected through stratified random sampling from approximately 150 group members. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and focus group discussions, with instrument reliability confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.7. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics, regression, and ANOVA to evaluate outcomes including income growth, savings mobilization, loan repayment capacity, and business expansion. Findings indicate that microfinance training significantly improves financial performance, whereas credit, savings, and insurance positively but not significantly influence outcomes. The integrated microfinance services explain variations modestly, emphasizing the influence of socio-economic and contextual factors. Recommendations urge tailored microfinance strategies addressing informal settlement challenges, increased training and advisory services, streamlined loan processes, and enhanced awareness and accessibility of insurance products. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of integrated microfinance approaches with capacity-building components to foster sustainable economic empowerment among women self-help groups. These insights offer practical and policy guidance for microfinance institutions, development practitioners, and policymakers aiming to strengthen financial inclusion and resilience for women entrepreneurs in peri-urban Kenya

This study investigates the effect of risk management practices on the financial performance of Islamic banks in Kenya, with a focus on credit, operational, liquidity, and compliance risk management. A descriptive research design was employed to collect data from Gulf African Bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, and Premier Bank. Using both primary and secondary data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, the study found that all four risk dimensions positively and significantly influence financial performance. Credit and liquidity risk management had the strongest impact. The study concludes that an integrated and Shariah-compliant risk management framework enhances profitability and stability in Islamic banks. It recommends that policymakers and practitioners strengthen credit evaluation, liquidity planning, and compliance governance to promote sustainable Islamic banking growth in Kenya.

The study looked at how the Kenya Ports Authority's (KPA) procurement performance was affected by electronic procurement methods. The increased demand for accountability, efficiency, and openness in public procurement within Kenya's inland transport sector served as the impetus for the study. The study's primary goal was to find out how electronic procurement procedures affect KPA's procurement performance. Its specific goals were to ascertain how e-tendering, e-auctioning, e-cataloguing, and einvoicing affect procurement outcomes. The Resource-Based View, Transaction Cost Economics, and the Technology Acceptance Model served as the study's guiding principles. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in a descriptive mixed-method design. Through organized surveys, document inspections, and interviews, information was gathered from 240 Kenya Ports Authority workers. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 was used to analyze the data, utilizing multiple regression analysis, correlation, and descriptive statistics. The study established that procurement inefficiencies, limited transparency, and high transaction costs affected organizational performance. The theoretical framework emphasized the influence of internal capabilities, transaction efficiency, and technology acceptance on procurement performance. The literature review revealed that electronic procurement enhances operational efficiency, accountability, and cost reduction within public institutions. The conceptual framework demonstrated the interrelationship link eprocurement procedures and procurement success, demonstrating how digital solutions can enhance institutional results. The population characteristics, sampling techniques, and data collection tools were all described in depth in the research design. Cronbach's alpha, expert evaluation, and pilot testing were used to verify validity and reliability. The ethical precepts of secrecy, anonymity, and informed consent were upheld. The findings revealed that the four e-procurement practices jointly explained 69.2% of the variation in procurement performance at KPA (R² = 0.692). Individually, e-tendering contributed 22.8%, e-auctioning 18.6%, e-cataloguing 15.4%, and e-invoicing 12.4% to procurement performance. The results further showed that procurement planning moderated these effects and emerged as the strongest predictor of performance outcomes. The adoption of e-procurement improved efficiency, enhanced transparency, and reduced transaction costs. Findings showed increased effectiveness, more openness, and decreased procurement costs resulting from the adoption of electronic procurement systems. The study concluded that improving staff competency, strengthening contract management, ensuring adequate resource allocation, and institutionalizing procurement planning enhance procurement performance. Recommendations included continuous capacity building, integration of risk management practices, and increased investment in ICT infrastructure to sustain e-procurement effectiveness. The research provided empirical evidence on the significance of electronic procurement practices in improving efficiency, cost control, and accountability within the Kenya Ports Authority. The study contributed to policy formulation, institutional development, and academic discourse on digital transformation in public procurement systems.

Private hospitals offer an alternative for those who sought services beyond what the public sector provided, often characterized by shorter wait times, more advanced facilities, and a wider range of services. The current study sought to investigate how digital marketing strategies affect performance of private hospitals in Nairobi City County. The study was anchored in the marketing mix theory. A sample of 96 employees was used. Data was collected using a selfadministered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Hospital performance was significantly positively correlated with digital marketing techniques (r = 0.578, p = 0.000). The study concluded that hospitals that regularly update their websites, actively engage on social media, and use digital tools to track patient interactions experience improved performance. Hospitals should therefore strengthen their digital marketing strategies by regularly updating their websites with relevant information on services, health tips, and promotions to enhance patient engagement.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with diverse global applications beyond decentralized monetary transactions, extending into finance, governance, healthcare, and supply chain management. Despite its potential, the adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts continues to face challenges, including regulatory uncertainty, security vulnerabilities, and integration difficulties within established business models. This study examined the effect of blockchain technology on the performance of smart contracts in procurement operations at the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) in Kenya, focusing on corporate transparency and decentralization. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Transaction Cost Theory (TCT), the Resource-Based View (RBV), and the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, the research utilized structured digital questionnaires administered via Google Forms to a target population of 210 officers, including procurement, IT, finance, and compliance staff across EPZA’s Athi River, Mombasa, and Kisumu branches. Multiple regression analysis using SPSS v28 was conducted to determine the relationship between blockchain technology and smart contract performance. The findings revealed that decentralization positively influences procurement performance by reducing dependence on intermediaries and minimizing manipulation in contract approvals. The results further support the view that blockchain-driven smart contracts enhance procurement efficiency, lower operational costs, and improve process integrity. However, the study also identified persistent challenges such as limited technical expertise, inadequate digital infrastructure, and weak legal frameworks that hinder full-scale adoption across African contexts. It concludes that blockchain technology possesses significant transformative potential for procurement operations through enhanced automation, security, and transparency and recommends that policymakers, practitioners, and scholars collaborate to strengthen regulatory frameworks, build institutional capacity, and invest in digital infrastructure to unlock the full benefits of blockchain-based smart contracts in procurement and other sectors.

The influence of transformational and transactional styles of leadership on the performance of the organization PPRA (Public Procurement Regulatory Authority) in Kenya is investigated in this study. Based on Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory (1969) a descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized using data from 95 of 134 staff. Using the SPSS version 28 program for quantitative analysis, the study shows all leadership styles has significant positive correlations with performance. Regression analysis results show leadership styles explain 79.3% (R² = 793) of the performance variation. Transformational leaders exhibited positive leadership styles and behaviours that encouraged followers in some way. According to the findings hybrid leadership model will improve the efficiency, accountability, and innovation at the level of public regulatory institutions in Kenya. Unlike most organizational performance-promoting factors, leadership styles have a powerful

The report explores the imperative task of addressing inequalities and fostering resilience as keystones for sustainable development in Ghana and the rest of African countries. By dissecting the multifaceted dimensions of environmental protection, the report illuminates the intricate interplay of factors shaping the development landscape. Through a synthesis of prevailing research findings and existing policy frameworks, this proposes a roadmap for actionable strategies aimed at 1015obilizati resources and harnessing political and social networks to drive substantive progress. Central to the report’s narrative is the recognition of the pivotal role played by collaboration among governmental entities, civil society organisations, the private sector, and community representatives. Drawing on insights gleaned from empirical studies and practical experiences, the report underscores the significance of efficient resource allocation and coordinated efforts in facilitating the implementation of targeted action plans. At its core, the report advocates for a holistic approach to sustainable development, one that transcends traditional sectoral boundaries and embraces an integrated, collaborative ethos. By fostering inclusive dialogue, promoting knowledge exchange, and nurturing partnerships, the report envisions a future where sustainable development goals are not merely aspirational but attainable realities. In conclusion, this report serves as a call to action for all stakeholders invested in the pursuit of sustainable development in the region. It underscores the urgency of addressing entrenched inequalities and building resilience in the face of evolving challenges. Through collective action and shared commitment, Ghana and its African countries can forge a path towards a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable future.

This study investigated the mediating role of transformational leadership in the relationship between COVID-19 pandemic containment measures and performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing sector in Accra, Ghana. The research adopted cross-sectional design and an exploratory design. A quantitative research approach was used to analysis empirical data collected. The study used self- administered research questionnaires as instruments for data collection. Primary data was relied upon to obtain the requisite data for analysis. The primary data was collected from a sample consisting of one hundred (100) respondents from a population of five hundred (500) leaders and Owner/CEOs of the selected SMEs using stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The data was analysed using the structural equation model (SmartPLS 3.0). The findings indicated that COVID-19 containment measures did not have a significant effect on performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing sector. COVID-19 containment measures significantly influence transformational leadership. Results showed that transformational leadership has a significant impact on performance of SMEs in beverage manufacturing. The results indicated that transformational leadership mediates the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and performance of SMEs beverage manufacturing.

This paper examines how digital technologies and green entrepreneurship enhance household resilience in Ghana and Kenya between 2018 and 2024. Drawing on 640 household surveys, 30 key informant interviews, and national datasets, the study shows that households adopting mobile money, renewable energy, and digital agriculture tools reported 12–17% higher crop yields and faster post-shock recovery. Urban households enjoy greater access, but rural households show the largest relative gains when adoption occurs. Crucially, the findings reveal that resilience is not only technological but also institutional: where cooperatives, village leaders, and local finance systems supported adoption, recovery was faster and more inclusive. The study links these outcomes to SDG 7 (Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), but warns of persisting digital divides. Unlike earlier work that treats digital or green innovation in isolation, this study integrates them under a leadership-driven model of resilience. The results offer both a scholarly contribution— demonstrating how local leadership mediates technology impact—and a practical roadmap for policymakers and businesses seeking to close rural–urban gaps.

The study focused on Capwell Industries Ltd. in Thika, Kenya, and investigated the effects of staff development initiatives on performance of manufacturing industry in the manufacturing industry. The study specifically aimed to assess the effects of career development, induction training, on-the-job training, and continuous professional learning on performance of manufacturing industry. 180 employees were chosen as the study population, and a descriptive research approach was used. The study was based on the resource-based view of the organization, experiential learning theory, and human capital theory. A stratified random sample of 90 respondents was chosen. Prior to data collection utilizing structured questionnaires, ten respondents from a comparable Thika manufacturing company took part in a pilot test to evaluate the validity and reliability of the instruments. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 31was used to examine the data. To investigate the connections between performance outcomes and staff development programs, descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and percentages were used in conjunction with inferential statistics. The results showed that Capwell Industries Ltd.'s performance of manufacturing industry was positively and significantly impacted by staff development techniques. Employee integration was enhanced by induction training, on-the-job training enhanced efficiency, career development increased motivation, and continuous professional development promoted adaptability and innovation. Collectively, these strategies contributed to higher productivity and operational effectiveness. The study concluded that staff development is a key driver of organizational success and recommended that manufacturing firms adopt integrated and continuous development programs to enhance employee capability and achieve sustainable performance outcomes.

Humanitarian relief is the provision of lifesaving assistance to those in the need, including victims of conflicts and natural disasters. This has led to less productivity and less engagement of the affected community, negatively affecting their social and economic status. This study examines the effect of partnership on the localization of humanitarian aid of NGO in Wajir County. The findings will provide a critical examination of the relationship between creating partnerships and localization of humanitarian aid. The descriptive research design was adopted with a target population are 280 NGO operating in Wajir County and a sample of 85 respondents that were randomly selected from NGOs that participated in the study. The study used both secondary data and primary data were collected using questionnaires. The questionnaires were piloted to test the validity and reliability prior to actual data collection. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Correlation and linear regression). SPSS version 24.0 was used to aid analysis. Out of the 85- questionnaire administered, 78 were filled and submitted back for analysis. The aggregate mean of 3.76 and standard deviation of 0.871 was recorded on indicators used to measure the partnerships. High values of mean indicated high weights respondents gave in relation to indicators and low values of standard deviation indicated same opinion by respondents in relation to the statements given. This was the same scenario on descriptive statistics of localization of the Humanitarian aid which had aggregate mean of 3.97 and standard deviation of 0.295. Pearsons correlation between partnership and localization of the Humanitarian aid was (r=0.717; p= 0.000) indicating high positive correlation. The model summary indctaed that 51.4% of variation in localization of the Humanitarian aid can be explained by the partnerships created. ANOVA results gave a F-value of 20.617; p=0.000, indicating that partnerships is a significant predictor of localization of the Humanitarian aid. The regression coefficient of 0.459 indicated that a unit increase in partnerships would increase localization of the Humanitarian aid by 0.459 and this was statistically significant. The study conclude that partnerships determine localization of humanitarian aid of NGO in Wajir County.

The study investigated how governance structures influence the organizational performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), focusing on board composition and audit committee composition within the theoretical lenses of Agency, Stakeholder, and Stewardship theories. Using a descriptive research design and primary data collected from 138 respondents drawn from a target population of 210 employees, the study applied multiple regression analysis in SPSS (version 28), with validity confirmed through content and face assessment and reliability verified using Cronbach’s alpha (≥0.70). Findings revealed that governance mechanisms significantly affect firm performance individually and collectively, with audit committee composition (β = 0.315) exerting the strongest impact, followed by board diversity (β = 0.193), highlighting the value of specialized oversight, diversity, and independent monitoring. The results reinforce the importance of accountability, transparency, and ESG principles as articulated in the guiding theories. Policy recommendations call for the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) and NSE to enhance governance guidelines through mandated gender and expertise diversity, stronger board independence, ESG disclosure requirements, and routine governance audits. Managerially, firms are encouraged to strengthen board capacity, implement succession planning, provide continuous training, establish specialized audit committees, and conduct annual board evaluations to ensure strategic alignment. The study further recommends future research on governance effects on non-financial performance, comparative studies within the East African region, and longitudinal designs to assess the long-term impact of governance reforms on firm sustainability and performance.

This paper explores how strategic management practices determine the performance of organizations at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), in particular, goal setting and resource management. JKIA, being a large regional aviation center, is in a challenging and competitive environment, where resource leveraging and strategic focus are critical to the success of its operations. The use of the goal-setting theory and the resource-based view underpinned the study with the descriptive research design and gathered quantitative information, including 91 employees operating in major aviation institutions in JKIA, namely the Kenya Airports Authority, Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, Kenya Airways, and the Kenya Bureau of Standards. The data were studied with the help of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression methods. The outcome is that participatory goal setting is a significant approach in improving performance in an organization through the promotion of clarity, coordination, and motivation of the employees. Resource management was also established to be a good predictor of performance, especially by means of good allocation of financial, human, and technological resources. The two variables used together accounted for a significant percentage of performance variation at JKIA. The research suggests the institutionalization of participatory goal-setting frameworks, the reinforcement of resource optimization strategies, such as digital investment and staff capacity building. Future studies ought to take into consideration more of the moderating variables which include leadership style and innovation capability

This study's main objective was to examine the relationship between various leadership styles and employee productivity at Kenya's Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Corporation (REREC). The research intended to evaluate the effect of transformational leadership styles on employee output at REREC, utilizing four leadership approaches: situational, participative, transformational, and transactional leadership. The research was structured around three theories: the path-goal theory, situational leadership as proposed by Hersey and Blanchard, and Keller's ARCS model of motivation. A descriptive survey methodology was employed. The study involved 199 participants from the Finance, Human Resources, Operations, Technical Services, Planning, and Procurement divisions at REREC's headquarters in Nairobi County, as well as interviews with six top managers from these divisions. A census sampling approach was used to select all 199 respondents. Both closed- and open-ended surveys were utilized, and SPSS version 26 software was used for quantitative analysis. The investigation determined that transformational leadership exhibited the highest positive correlation with employee performance (r = 0.75) and was the most significant predictor (β = 0.45, p < 0.01). Participative (r = 0.72) and situational (r = 0.70) leadership styles also demonstrated strong positive impacts on performance. Transactional leadership had a moderate correlation (r = 0.68) and was effective in structured environments but less impactful for driving long-term innovation and satisfaction. The study concluded that integrating multiple leadership approaches tailored to organizational contexts is crucial for maximizing employee performance. Transformational leadership, fostering motivation and engagement, emerged as the most effective style at REREC. Recommendations included implementing leadership development programs, enhancing employee engagement strategies, adopting data-driven leadership approaches, and continuously adapting leadership models to align with evolving workplace trends.

Universities are key sources of knowledge and serve as important channels for disseminating information through teaching, training, research, and community engagement. To remain competitive and fulfill their mission and vision, universities need to adopt enabling technologies such as cloud computing. This study aimed to examine how cloud-computing services influence organizational performance, focusing on private universities, with a case study of the Management University of Africa (MUA). The specific objective in the research is to assess the effect of cloud services adoption, the influence of cost efficiency. The research utilized the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the relationships among cloud service adoption and organizational performance, while inferential statistics were applied to draw conclusions and generalizations. The results revealed that both cloud service adoption and cost efficiency had a strong positive influence on performance, with correlation coefficients of 0.929 and 0.934, respectively. The overall model explained approximately 89% of the variation in performance, underscoring cloud computing and cost management as critical drivers of success. The study concludes that private universities can significantly enhance their performance by effectively leveraging cloud services and managing costs efficiently, while also optimizing the use of time, personnel, and other resources. Recommendations include improving system integration, involving more staff in budgeting processes, and using data-driven approaches for decision-making. Future research should expand the scope to include more universities and consider qualitative methods such as interviews or focus groups for deeper insights.

Public procurement has attracted a lot of scholarly work in the recent past and particularly after the covid 19 pandemic. Majority of the firms in the hospitality sector suffered a lot of losses following the lockdowns and lack of customer contact during and after the pandemic. To date most of the hospitality firms are still faced with a lot of challenges following stringent rules and regulations put in place following the effect of covid 19 pandemic. This calls for further studies to fill the theoretical and practical gaps that exists in the literature. The purpose of this study therefore was to assess the effect of public procurement practices adopted after the pandemic on performance of firms in the hospitality industry in Kenya with a focus on selected hostels in Narok County. Institutional theory and resourcebased view underpinned the study. A descriptive survey design was used for the investigation. The study targeted a population of 30 Managers and over 950 staff in the hotel industry in Narok Town. Data was collected from the management and suppliers of the chosen hotels using a structured questionnaire. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the research tools, a pilot study was conducted. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were used to examine the data. The frequency, percentage, averages, and variances were calculated for descriptive statistics. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 28 and MS Excel software. The study established that supplier diversity had a significant effect on performance of hospitality firms in Narok County. The study concluded that procurement practices adopted by firms in the hospitality sector had a statistically significant effect on the performance of the Hospitality sector. The study concluded that to enhance performance, hospitality companies should implement the most effective supplier diversification initiatives. Further research ought to be done to examine how firms in other sectors of the economy have dealt with post-COVID-19 challenges and the effect it has had on performance.

This research paper examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to improve the organisational development of the Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) production in Tanzania. The study particularly looks at the role of technology, organisation, and environment in the adoption of AI and the resulting effects on the efficiency of operations, working capacity, and the resulting innovation. The research is based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, which makes it a welldeveloped theoretical foundation to comprehend the use of AI in the manufacturing setting. The quantitative research design was used, and the goal was 450 employees working in the TBL production departments. The sample size was calculated using the Yamane formula, and primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. The collected data were also compared through the summated index, descriptive statistics, and hypothesis tests to assess the association between variables and find out the mediating value of AI adoption. The results indicate that AI is significantly adopted in response to technological readiness, such as system maturity, compatibility, and ease of use. The environmental factors, including regulatory compliance, competition in the market, and industry support, have a moderate impact on the adoption decisions, whereas the type of organisational factors, including leadership support, workforce skills, culture of innovation, and resource allocation, have a critical effect on the adoption decisions. The adoption of AI is a mediating variable which converts the elements of readiness into quantifiable operational efficiency, capacity of the workforce, and improved innovation outcomes. The research arrives at the conclusion that successful AI implementation is a multi-faceted process that involves investments in technologies, the ability of organisations to develop, and adaptability to environmental factors. The findings are relevant to the theory due to their support of the TOE framework in the Tanzanian manufacturing environment and practical information to practitioners who want to use AI to improve their operations and strategies. The policy implication is clarity of the regulations, industry-supportive programs, and easy access to technical expertise to make AI adoption easy. Lastly, the paper gives future research for studies such as longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of AI and investigations into newer technologies like the IoT and machine learning in improving organisational development.